Delayed neurological dysfunction following posterior laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Summary of previously reported cases of spinal epidural hematoma both secondary to cervical surgery and spontaneous

Ref.	Country	Sex/age (yr)	Diagnosis	Surgery	Main symptoms	Onset time	Location of bleed	Risk factor	Treatment	Outcome
Chung et al[8], 2020	Malaysia	Female/76	T11/12, stenosis, CSM	Decompression, fusion	Paraparesis	4 d	T11/T12	Unknown	Surgery	Recovery
		Male/53		Laminectomy and LMF C4-C6	Tetraplegia	4 d	C4-C6	Unknown	Surgery	Recovery
Tomii et al[5], 2018	Japan	Male/56	CSM	C4-C6 UODL	Tetraplegia	7 d	C4-C6	Hypertension	Surgery	Recovery
Xu et al[9], 2022	China	Male/86	CDH	C3-C5 ACDF	Tetraplegia	5 d	Behind disc	Unknown	Surgery	Die
Haghnegahdar et al[12], 2016	Iran	Male/ 29	Cervical locked facet. Subluxation	Poster fixation and fusion	Arm pain numbness	11 yr	C3-C4 ligamentum flavum	Instrument irritation	Surgery	Recovery
Na and Khoo[16], 2023	Singapore	Male/28	Spontaneous SEH	/	Neck pain. Numbness	2 d	C5-6 extradural	Unknown	Non surgery	Recovery
Koga et al[14], 2019	Japan	Male/67	CSM	CPL	Neck pain	26 h	C3-6 epidural	Deep artery	Surgery	Recovery
Liu et al[15], 2021	China	Female/30	/	SMP	Neck pain	3 d	C6-C7	Unknown	Surgery	Recovery
		Male/55	/	SMP	Back pain	1 d	T1-T3	Unknown	Surgery	Recovery
		Male/28	/	SMP	Numbness	4 h	T1-T2	Unknown	Surgery	Recovery
Choi et al[13], 2013	Korea	Male/65	CSM	CPL	Shoulder arm pain	30 months	C5-C7 Epi	Oozed bleeding	Surgery	Recovery
Khan et al[27], 2007	United States	Male/55	CSM	CPL	Spasms	9 d	C3-7 Epi	Unknown	Surgery	Recovery
		Female/58	CSM	CPL	Spasms	2 d	T1-2 Epi	Unknown	Surgery	Recovery
		Female/66	CSM	CPL	Spasms	2 d	C4-5 Epi	Unknown	Surgery	Recovery
Alahmadi et al[20], 2022	Magnolia	Female/67	SSEDH	/	Neck pain and stiffness	2 h	C3-7 Epi	Platelets dysfunction	Surgery	Recovery
Kim and Kuh[21], 2012	Korea	Male/36	CDH	ACDF	Headache hypertension	30 months	C2-T5 Epi	Hypertension	Surgery	Recovery
Morse et al[18], 2007	United States	Male/67	DLS	PLIF	Left chest pain	13 h	C4-S1 Epi	Anticoagulation therapy	Surgery	Recovery
Lee et al[11], 2010	Korea	Male/60	CDH	ACDF	Neck pain	4 h	C1-T4 Epi	Coagulopathy	Surgery	Recovery
Fiani et al[17], 2021	United States	Male/52	SSEH	/	Upper back pain	/	C4-C7 Epi	Coagulopathy. Hypertension. Coagulopathy	Surgery	Recovery
		Female/72	SSEH	/	Neck pain	/	C3-T2 Epi		Surgery	Recovery
Carlhan-Ledermann et al[10], 2020	Switzerland	Female/7	SSEH	/	Neck pain	/	C2-T1 Epi	Vascular malformationVWF decrease	Surgery	Recovery
		Male/4.5	SSEH	/	Neck pain	/	C3-C5 Epi		No	Recovery
Jaweed et al[32], 2020	United States	Male/42	SSEH	/	Neck pain. Paraparesis	/	C3-C4 Epi	Unknown	Surgery	Recovery

Unknown: Hypothesized that epidural venous plexus; UODL: Unilateral open door-type C4 to C6 laminoplasty; Epi: Epidural; ACDF: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; BD: Behind the disc; CDH: Cervical disc herniation; CSM: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy; CPL: Cervical posterior laminoforaminotomy; DCA: Deep cervical artery; DLS: Degenerative lumbar stenosis; LMF: Lateral mass fixation; P-O: Postoperation immediately; SHE: Spinal epidural hematoma; SMP: Spinal manipulation therapy; SSEH: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma; VWF: Von Willebrand factor.