Research progress in spasmodic torticollis rehabilitation treatment

Table 5 Efficacy of electromyography biofeedback therapy on muscle spasticity

Ref.	Disease name	Intervention study	Frequency and duration of the intervention	Outcome indicators	Curative effect
Gulseren et al[63]	Post-stroke spasm	E: EMG-BF + conventional treatment; C: Conventional therapy	1/d, 5/wk, 20 min/time for 3 wk	a, d, e	Improvements in joint mobility, muscle strength, muscle tone, and function
Xie et al[64]	Post-stroke spasm	E: EMG-BF + conventional treatment; C: Conventional therapy	2 times/d, 5 times/wk, 15-20 min/time for 12 wk	b, c	Improved neurological function, motor function and quality of life in patients
Wang et al[65]	Post-stroke spasm	E: EMG-BF + rehabilitation training; C: Rehabilitation training	1 time/d, 5 times/wk, 30 min/time for 8 wk	a, c, d	Effectively reduced wrist spasm in patients with early cerebral infarction
Shi et al[66]	Post-stroke spasm	E: EMG-BF + rehabilitation training; C: Rehabilitation training	2 times/d, 30 min/time for 8 wk	a, c	Reduced patient spasticity level and improved motor function
Xu et al[67]	Spastic cerebral palsy	E: EMG-BF + rehabilitation training; C: Rehabilitation training	20-30 min/time, once/d, 6 times/wk for 12 wk	f, j, h, i	Improved gross motor function and serological indicators in children, and improved the development quotient and self-care ability score
Zhang et al[68]	Cerebral palsy	E: EMG-BF + rehabilitation training; C: rehabilitation training	20 min/time, once/d, 5 times/wk for 12 wk	a	Significantly improved exercise capacity and quality of life

“E” represents the test group; “C” represents the control group; EMG-BF: Electromyographic biofeedback; CPM: Continuous passive movement; a: Modified Ashworth score; b: Clinical spasm index; c: Fugl-Meyer motor function score; d: Degree of active joint activity; e: Surface EMG value; f: Gross motor function assessment table (GMFM-88); g: Daily life performance scale (ADL); h: Gesell pediatric neuropsychological development scale; i: Serological index.