Research progress in spasmodic torticollis rehabilitation treatment

Table 3 Efficacy of shock wave treatment on post-stroke spasticity

Ref.	Position	Prescription	Evaluation method	Curative effect
Li et al[36]	Upper limb	5 consecutive intervals with 4 d. 6000 pulses at pressure 1.2-1.4 bar at a frequency of 18 Hz	a, b, c, d	Clearly improved upper limb flexion spasm and significantly reduced pain
Yoldas et al[37]	Lower limbs	Twice/wk for 2 wk (4 times in total), 1500 pulses, pressure of 2 bar, frequency of 10 Hz	a, b, e, f, g	A marked reduction in plantarflexor spasticity, no significant improvement in the 6-minute walk test and activity range
Mihai et al[38]	Lower limbs	Once/wk for 2 wk, 2000 pulses at 10 Hz and energy density of 60 mJ	a, c, h, i, j	The degree of spasticity and pain intensity were significantly reduced, improved ankle range of motion, balance and gait
Wang et al[39]	Upper and lower limbs	Twice/wk for 4 wk, 1500-2500 pulses/site, pressure of 2.0-2.5 bar, frequency of 5-8 Hz	a, d, i	Relieved muscle tension of hemiplegic limb and improved interjoint coordination
Li et al[40]	Lower limbs	Three times/wk (every other day) for 4 wk, 2000 pulses per site with impact intensity of 1.5 bar at 10 Hz	a, d, k	Improved the degree of muscle spasm in the lower limbs, and improved lower limb function and balance function
He et al[41]	Lower limbs	3 times/wk for a total of 3 wk. Calf muscle: 2000 shocks, shock wave strength 3 bar, frequency 6 Hz; Achilles tendon: 2000 shocks, shock wave strength 2 bar, frequency 9 Hz	a, d, l, k, m, n	Effectively inhibited calf muscle spasm, improved the active range and motor function, and improved the balance function, walking function and postural control ability
Zhao et al[42]	Upper limb	Once every 3 d, twice/wk for 3 wk at 8 Hz, pressure 1.5-2.0 bar, 1000 pulses per site	a, d, f	Improved the degree of upper limb spasm, improved the motor function and daily living ability

a: Modified Ashworth Scale; b: The modified Tardieu scale; c: Visual analog scale score; d: Fugl-Meyer Motor Function Rating Scale; e: The 6-min walk test; f: Modified Barthel Index scale; g: Measurement of ankle mobility of the affected side; h: Tinetti Assessment tool; i: Functional activity classification assessment; j: A handheld anglometer evaluated the ankle passive range of motion; k: Berg Balance scale; l: Passive and active motion of ankle dorsiflexion; m: 10 m Walking inspection; n: Time in the stand-up-walk test.