Removal of intrahepatic bile duct stone could reduce the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: A single-center retrospective study in South Korea

Table 2 Risk factor analysis for cholangiocarcinoma

Variable	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value1
Male sex	0.76	0.37-1.57	0.463
Age	0.99	0.96-1.03	0.761
BMI	1.03	0.93-1.15	0.550
Hepatitis
None	Reference
HBV	4.01	1.21-13.35	0.023
HCV	1.38	0.17-11.39	0.765
DM	0.93	0.35-2.51	0.893
HT	0.72	0.27-1.91	0.505
CA19-9, minimum	1.01	1.00-1.02	0.013
CA19-9 > UNL	12.21	4.01-37.19	0.000	15.85	3.79-66.31	0.000
CEA, minimum	1.28	1.03-1.59	0.026
CEA > UNL	8.16	2.44-27.21	0.001	8.12	1.87-35.35	0.005
Location, Lt and both	2.65	1.00-6.99	0.049	4.37	1.37-13.94	0.013
Multiple stone	2.11	0.85-5.21	0.107
Stone size > duct diameter	1.21	0.61-2.41	0.579
Focal atrophy	3.04	1.52-6.09	0.002	2.59	1.13-5.94	0.025
Duct stricture	2.69	1.34-5.41	0.005	2.24	0.96-5.23	0.061
IHD stone removal
Complete removal and no recurrence	0.34	0.15-0.76	0.009	0.21	0.09-0.50	0.000
Complete removal and recurrence	0.67	0.15-2.95	0.600
Incomplete removal	0.57	0.13-2.46	0.447
Removal method
None	Reference
Non-surgery, PTCS, ERCP	0.26	0.10-0.66	0.004	0.33	0.07-1.45	0.141
Surgery	0.33	0.13-0.84	0.021	0.37	0.08-1.70	0.200
Medication
Aspirin	0.00	0.00-0.00	0.999
UDCA	1.27	0.56-2.88	0.570
Metformin	1.64	0.46-5.82	0.447
Statin	0.86	0.20-3.83	0.848

¹Effect of independent variables on response variable was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression, and the statistically significant variables were included in the univariate logistic regression with 0.05 alpha level. BMI: Body mass index; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CI: Confidence interval; DM: Diabetes mellitus; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HT: Hypertension; IHD: Intrahepatic duct; OR: Odds ratio; PTCS: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy; UNL: Upper normal limit; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid.