Causal associations between gastroesophageal reflux disease and essential hypertension: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Table 2 Mendelian randomization estimates from different methods of assessing the causal effect between essential hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease/Barret's esophagus

Exposure	Outcome	Step	Nsnp	IVW			WM			MR-Egger
				OR or beta	95%CI	P value	OR or beta	95%CI	P value	OR or beta	95%CI	P value
Duplicate essential hypertension	Gastroesophageal reflux disease	3	31	1.015	0.98, 1.05	0.344	1.027	0.99, 1.07	0.202	1.038	0.94, 1.15	0.471
Diastolic blood pressure1		3	154	0.042	-0.02, 0.104	0.179	0.026	-0.05, 0.103	0.518	-0.194	-0.39, 0.003	0.056
Systolic blood pressure1		3	11	-0.003	-0.009, 0.003	0.311	-0.004	-0.01, 0.003	0.274	-0.031	-0.07, 0.007	0.148
essentialhypertension	Barret's esophagus	3	31	0.911	0.83, 0.997	0.043	0.929	0.82, 1.05	0.254	0.869	0.65, 1.16	0.345

¹Except that the results of diastolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were expressed in beta, other results were expressed in OR. Step: (1) Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis without removing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); (2) MR analysis after removing the SNPs [with P value less than threshold in MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) test]; and (3) MR analysis after removing all the SNPs (with P value less than 1 in MR-PRESSO outlier test). N snp: Number of single nucleotide polymorphisms; IVW: Inverse variance weighted; WM: Weighted median; MR-Egger: Mendelian randomization egger.