Gestational diabetes mellitus combined with fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus, four cases of double diabetes: A case report

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of pregnancy-related fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus vs gestational diabetes mellitus combined with fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus

	PF (n = 105, pregnant n = 80, postpartum n = 25)	GDM combined with FT1DM (n = 7, pregnancy n = 5, postpartum n = 2)
Age of onset age, (range value)	27.9 (21-38)	31.6 (27-40)
BMI [kg/m2, (range value)]	22.1 (16.9-29.5)	23.4 (16.85-30.47)
Number of weeks of pregnancy
Pregnancy [week, (range value)]	26.2 (6-38)	36.3 (33-40)
Postpartum days [days, (range value)]	6.4 (1-15)	7.3 (3-13)
Start time [day, (range value)]	3.2 (1-9)	----
Family history (-/+)	55/9	3/4
Fetal survival (survival/ total)	13/58	7/7
Clinical manifestations
Influenza-like symptoms (%)	50 (47/94)	42.8 (3/7)
Gastrointestinal symptoms (%)	59.5 (56/94)	42.8 (3/7)
Fever: (%)	26.7 (8/30)	0/7
Consciousness disorders (%)	43.3 (13/30)	0/7
Laboratory examination
PH (range)	7.07 (6.91-7.4)	7.20 (7.08-7.36)
HbA1c [% (range value)]	6.26 (4.8-8.7)	5.92 (5.4-6.2)
Blood sugar [mmol/L, (range value)]	37.13 (16.6-78.5)	22.05 (16.0-44.9)
PG/HbA1c ratio	5.29	3.76
Fasting C Peptide (ng/mL)	0.07	< 0.04
Afteral C Peptide (ng/mL)	0.11	< 0.13
GAD (-/+)	87/7	7/0
IAA (-/+)	---	0/7 (positive at 4 cases and 3 cases positive after treatment)
Transsusceptible genotypes	HLADRB1 09:01-DQB1 03:03 (DR9)	HLADRB1 09:01, DQB1 03:03, DQA1 03:02, DPA1 01:03, DPA1 02:02, DPB1 05:01 DRB4 01:03, G 01:01, and G 01:04

PF: Pregnancy-related fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; FT1DM: Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1C; PG: Postprandial glucose.