Update on the aetiopathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea: Role of inflammatory and immune mediated mechanisms

Table 3 Inflammatory mediators and obstructive sleep apnea

Inflammatory Mediators	Effect
TNF-α	Elevated levels of inflammatory
IL-6, IL-8, CRP, ESR	Markers correlate with severity of OSA[22,25,38]
Adipokines
Key adipokines studied include: Leptin, Chemerin, Resistin, Adiponectin, Omentin-1	OSA is associated with elevated levels of leptin, chemerin, and resistin, and decreased levels of adiponectin and omentin-1. These changes may contribute to metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and cardiovascular risks[38]

TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL: Interleukin; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea.