Recent developments in immunotherapy approaches for allergic rhinitis

Table 1 Factors affecting allergic rhinitis

No.	Risk/protective factor(s)	Details
1	Environmental factors	Many potential environmental risk factors, protective factors, and biomarkers of AR have been published. Tic disorders (class I), early-life antibiotic use, exposure to indoor dampness, acetaminophen exposure, childhood acid suppressant use, and exposure to indoor mold were environmental risk factors (class II), and coronavirus disease 2019 and prolonged breastfeeding were environmental protective factors (class II). The biomarkers graded as suggestive evidence were nasal nitric oxide in AR patients (class II) and interleukin-13 rs20541 polymorphism in AR patients (class III)[23]
2	Age (> 40 years old)	Age > 40 is an independent risk factor for AR combined with asthma[20]
3	Demographic factors	Smoking, drinking habits, and pet adoption are demographic factors affecting the presentation of AR[24]
4	Male	Being male is a risk factor for AR[19]
5	Family history	A family history of asthma or allergy is an independent risk factor for AR[19,20]
6	Allergic reactions	Adverse food reactions and mold allergies are independent risk factors for AR[20]
7	Air purifier use	The use of air purifiers is associated with AR risk[19]
8	Environmental exposure	Exposure to dust is a risk factor for AR[19]
9	Living location	Living in towns or urban areas is associated with AR risk[19]
10	Trends in prevalence	Trends in the prevalence of current AR and factors affecting symptoms have been documented. The prevalence of cumulative AR and current AR symptoms (AR in the past 12 mo) in 6-12-year-old children increased significantly. Longlasting disease before the appearance of the allergy significantly increases the risk of the development of cumulative AR[14]

AR: Allergic rhinitis.