Overview of emerging therapies for demyelinating diseases

Table 2 Summary of important chemokines during demyelination and remyelination

Pro-inflammatory (demyelination) chemokines	Cell type that produces chemokine	Chemokine function	Anti-inflammatory (remyelination) chemokines	Cell type that produces chemokine	Chemokine function
TNF-α	Astrocytes	Promotes demyelination and oligodendrocyte pathology	TGF-β	Microglia (M2)	Promotes differentiation of different cell types during repair
(iNOS+)	Microglia (M1)	Promotes the M1 phenotype, a pro-inflammatory state and induces phagocytosis	Insulin-like growth factor-1	1 Astrocytes; 2 Microglia (M2)	Regenerative role that promotes remyelination by promoting differentiation of different cell types such as oligodendrocytes
TREM-2	Microglia (M2)	Cell surface receptor that clears myelin debris and promotes phagocytosis	Fibroblast growth factor 2	1 Astrocytes; 2 Microglia (M2)	Regenerative role that promotes remyelination by promoting differentiation of different cell types such as oligodendrocytes
			Arg-1+	Microglia (M2)	Promotes the M2 phenotype, an anti-inflammatory state

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta.