Vascular medicine in the 21st century: Embracing comprehensive vasculature evaluation and multidisciplinary treatment

Table 2 A comparison of future aspects in the existing approach and the proposed model

Aspect	Existing approach	Proposed model
Genetic factors	Limited incorporation of genetic data	Explores genetic factors influencing atherosclerosis and medication response
Artificial intelligence tools	Sporadic use in a given step of the process	Systematic use in risk assessment, prediction, detection, diagnosis, possible outcomes and treatment of vasculature diseases, and in optimizing clinical decision-making
Imaging modalities	Commonly uses computerized tomography angiography and ultrasound	Considers the use of whole-body MRI/ magnetic resonance angiography for comprehensive vascular evaluation including routine liver fat content (in all abdominal MRI results)
Advances technologies	Not extensively discussed	Emphasizes nanotechnology for vascular lesion investigation and treatment
The microbiome	Acknowledgment of microorganism diversity role in atherosclerotic process	Using knowledge about microbiome for risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular disease
Economic aspects	Limited discussion of economic factors and their implications	Discusses economic aspects, including cost-effectiveness, resource allocation, preventive measures, technological advances, research funding, patient-centered care, and healthcare disparities

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.