Modifiable factors mediating the effects of educational attainment on gestational diabetes mellitus: A two-step Mendelian randomization study

Table 2 Univariable mendelian randomization estimating the causal effect of education on candidate mediators and gestational diabetes mellitus

Phenotype	Method	nSNPs	F-statistics	Beta	95%CI	P value
Outcome
GDM	IVW	294	49.21	-0.34	-0.51 to -0.18	3.80E-05
	MR Egger	294		-0.41	-1.04 to 0.22	0.21
	Weighted Median	294		-0.38	-0.59 to -0.16	5.47E-04
	MR-PRESSO	294		-0.34	-0.51 to -0.18	4.95E-05
Mediators
WHR	IVW	145	47.46	-0.22	-0.29 to -0.16	2.76E-12
	MR Egger	145		-0.36	-0.63 to -0.08	0.01
	Weighted Median	145		-0.23	-0.32 to -0.15	1.16E-07
	MR-PRESSO	145		-0.22	-0.29 to -0.16	9.50E-11
BMI	IVW	106	44.47	-0.16	-0.21 to -0.11	1.97E-10
	MR Egger	106		-0.17	-0.43 to 0.09	0.19
	Weighted Median	106		-0.15	-0.19 to -0.10	7.27E-09
	MR-PRESSO	106		-0.16	-0.21 to -0.11	5.26E-09
HDL-C	IVW	245	46.18	0.18	0.15 to 0.21	1.75E-34
	MR Egger	245		0.15	0.03 to 0.27	0.02
	Weighted Median	245		0.17	0.13 to 0.21	2.81E-20
	MR-PRESSO	245		0.18	0.15 to 0.21	3.38E-27
Apolipoprotein A-1	IVW	266	48.41	0.13	0.10 to 0.16	8.03E-19
	MR Egger	266		0.05	-0.06 to 0.17	0.34
	Weighted Median	266		0.11	0.08 to 0.15	3.07E-10
	MR-PRESSO	266		0.13	0.10 to 0.16	1.19E-16

nSNPs: Number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; BMI: Body mass index; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; IVW: Inverse variance weighted; MR-PRESSO: Mendelian randomization-pleiotropic residual sum and outliers.