Multivariate analysis of oral mucosal ulcers during orthodontic treatment

Table 1 Comparison of the general data of the patients grouped according to the presence and recurrence of oral ulcers

Categories	Indicators	Oral ulcer group, n = 297	Non-oral ulcer group, n = 290	P value	Recurrence group, n = 144	Non-recurrence group, n = 153	P value
Sex	Male	113 (38.05)	236 (81.38)	< 0.001	51 (35.42)	62 (40.52)	0.365
	Female	184 (61.95)	54 (18.62)		93 (64.58)	91 (59.48)
Smoking	No	178 (59.93)	258 (88.9)	< 0.001	93 (64.58)	85 (55.56)	0.113
	Yes	119 (40.07)	32 (11.03)		51 (35.42)	68 (44.44)
Drinking history	No	97 (32.66)	109 (37.59)	0.211	44 (30.56)	53 (34.64)	0.453
	Yes	200 (67.34)	181 (62.41)		100 (69.44)	100 (65.36)
Disease type	Dental caries	152 (51.18)	149 (51.38)	0.484	69 (47.92)	83 (54.25)	0.253
	Dentofacial deformity	72 (24.24)	60 (20.69)		41 (28.47)	31 (20.26)
	Periodontal disease	73 (24.58)	81 (27.93)		34 (23.61)	39 (25.49)
Toothbrush hardness	Soft	151 (50.84)	199 (68.62)	< 0.001	95 (65.97)	56 (36.60)	< 0.001
	Hard	146 (49.16)	91 (31.38)		49 (34.03)	97 (63.40)
Dietary preference for meat	No	218 (73.40)	243 (83.79)	0.002	108 (75.00)	110 (71.90)	0.545
	Yes	79 (26.60)	47 (16.21)		36 (25.00)	43 (28.10)
Dietary temperature	Warm	76 (25.59)	105 (36.21)	0.005	39 (27.08)	37 (24.18)	0.567
	Hot	221 (74.41)	185 (63.79)		105 (72.92)	116 (75.82)
Treatment course	≤ 1 year	84 (28.28)	157 (54.14)	< 0.001	47 (32.64)	37 (24.18)	0.106
	> 1 year	213 (71.72)	133 (45.86)		97 (67.36)	116 (75.82)
Tooth position	Non-anterior tooth region	158 (53.20)	136 (46.90)	0.127	89 (61.81)	69 (45.10)	0.004
	Anterior tooth region	139 (46.80)	154 (53.10)		55 (38.19)	84 (54.90)
Orthodontic appliance type	Straight-wire bracket	138 (46.46)	120 (41.38)	0.215	67 (46.53)	71 (46.41)	0.983
	Conventional straight wire	159 (53.54)	170 (58.62)		77 (53.47)	82 (53.59)
Age	< 60 years	179 (60.27%)	226 (77.93%)	< 0.001	95 (65.97)	84 (54.90)	0.051
	≥ 60 years	118 (39.73%)	64 (22.07%)		49 (34.03)	69 (45.10)
SAS score		44.66 (5.58)	37.31 (5.54)	< 0.001	44.69 (5.67)	44.64 (5.51)	0.940
SDS score		47.04 (7.51)	37.16 (5.15)	< 0.001	47.13 (7.12)	46.96 (7.88)	0.849
Zn		97.95 (20.53)	127.88 (26.83)	< 0.001	98.91 (21.36)	97.05 (19.74)	0.434
Cu		17.04 (6.40)	17.70 (6.03)	0.201	17.15 (6.48)	16.93 (6.35)	0.773
Fe		9.14 (1.50)	9.31 (1.52)	0.158	9.16 (1.49)	9.12 (1.51)	0.830

SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale. SAS and SDS scores and the trace element levels are presented as mean (standard deviation), whereas the remaining categories are expressed as the number of patients (percentage).