Influence of static cartoons combined with dynamic virtual environments on preoperative anxiety of preschool-aged children undergoing surgery

Table 3 Comparison of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate in the three study groups

Category	Time point	Control group, n = 39	Drug group, n = 37	Intervention group, n = 40
MAP in mmHg	T0	53.61 ± 7.23	54.66 ± 6.96	53.82 ± 7.57
	T1	60.17 ± 5.40a	57.81 ± 6.90	58.02 ± 5.73a
	T2	62.27 ± 6.48a	59.15 ± 7.16a	53.65 ± 6.17c,d
	T3	65.51 ± 6.85b	53.71 ± 6.42c	52.03 ± 5.76c
HR in beats/min	T0	119.72 ± 8.55	119.47 ± 9.46	119.70 ± 13.73
	T1	125.83 ± 7.20a	125.62 ± 6.60a	124.48 ± 7.42
	T2	126.19 ± 9.96a	125.55 ± 10.14a	122.64 ± 9.23
	T3	126.63 ± 13.01b	120.59 ± 9.85c	118.16 ± 10.29c
RR in breaths/min	T0	20.68 ± 1.75	25.42 ± 1.98	22.67 ± 2.77
	T1	24.54 ± 2.58a	25.42 ± 1.98a	22.67 ± 2.77
	T2	26.34 ± 9.72b	27.61 ± 10.69b	22.28 ± 11.06c,d
	T3	25.14 ± 2.50a	22.15 ± 2.23c	21.93 ± 3.06c

Data are mean ± standard deviation.

^aP < 0.05 vs T0.

^bP < 0.01 vs T0.

^cP < 0.05 vs control group.

^dP < 0.05 vs drug group.

HR: Heart rate; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; RR: Respiratory rate.