Association of total bilirubin with depression risk in adults with diabetes: A cross-sectional study

Table 3 Characteristics of participants before and after propensity score matching analysis, n (%)

Covariates	Before propensity score		After propensity score
	≤ 10.26 (n = 2822)	> 10.26 (n = 1936)	≤ 10.26 (n = 1583)	> 10.26 (n = 1583)
Age (yr)	60.07 ± 13.33	61.91 ± 13.33a	61.59 ± 13.40	61.96 ± 12.51
Sex
Male	1241 (43.98)	1249 (64.51)	932 (58.88)	926 (58.50)
Female	1581 (56.02)	687 (35.49)	651 (41.12)	657 (41.50)
Race/Ethnicity
Mexican American	471 (16.69)	352 (18.18)	271 (17.12)	301 (19.01)
Other Hispanic	318 (11.27)	204 (10.54)	155 (9.79)	186 (11.75)
Non-Hispanic white	967 (34.27)	821 (42.41)	673 (42.51)	537 (33.92)
Non-Hispanic black	757 (26.82)	385 (19.89)	331 (20.91)	399 (25.21)
Other races	309 (10.95)	174 (8.99)	153 (9.67)	160 (10.11)
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	33.14 ± 7.94	31.57 ± 6.89a	31.89 ± 7.10	31.94 ± 7.18
Ratio of family income to poverty	2.22 ± 1.50	2.43 ± 1.58a	2.35 ± 1.56	2.35 ± 1.54
Education level
Did not graduate from high school	879 (31.15)	646 (33.37)	517 (32.66)	524 (33.10)
Graduated from high school	665 (23.56)	462 (23.86)	375 (23.69)	374 (23.63)
College education or above	1278 (45.29)	828 (42.77)	691 (43.65)	685 (43.27)
Smoking status
≥ 100 cigarettes during their lifetime	1429 (50.64)	952 (49.17)	796 (50.28)	797 (50.35)
Drinking status
≥ 12 alcohol drinks a year	1961 (69.49)	1331 (68.75)	1092 (68.98)	1094 (69.11)
Hypertension
Yes	1862 (65.98)	1239 (64.00)	1034 (65.32)	1033 (65.26)
No	960 (34.02)	697 (36.00)	549 (34.68)	550 (34.74)
Laboratory metrics
Albumin (g/L)	40.67 ± 3.40	42.05 ± 3.48a	41.69 ± 3.42	41.63 ± 3.29
ALT (U/L)	24.78 ± 16.05	29.96 ± 40.55a	26.89 ± 16.26	26.87 ± 17.81
AST (U/L)	24.60 ± 12.65	29.36 ± 29.11a	26.64 ± 12.81	26.55 ± 14.37
ALP (U/L)	77.91 ± 30.42	73.95 ± 28.36a	74.76 ± 28.15	74.39 ± 24.39
BUN (mmol/L)	5.84 ± 2.95	5.77 ± 2.96	5.86 ± 3.10	5.86 ± 2.80
Creatinine (μmol/L)	87.61 ± 58.69	92.56 ± 71.42a	92.32 ± 69.36	91.48 ± 60.95
GGT (U/L)	34.97 ± 38.25	41.31 ± 57.06a	37.02 ± 42.75	36.94 ± 40.39
LDH (U/L)	138.64 ± 32.40	139.30 ± 38.67	138.54 ± 38.29	139.35 ± 33.12
Uric acid (μmol/L)	335.54 ± 90.40	357.10 ± 96.35a	350.02 ± 96.93	351.70 ± 89.05
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.77 ± 1.16	4.82 ± 1.30	4.79 ± 1.28	4.77 ± 1.17
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	2.15 ± 1.51	2.11 ± 2.53a	2.11 ± 2.14	2.15 ± 1.46
Depression
Yes	410 (14.52)	193 (9.97)	200 (12.63)	169 (10.68)
No	2413 (85.48)	1743 (90.03)	1383 (87.37)	1414 (89.32)
PHQ-9 scores	4.31 ± 5.04	3.41 ± 4.47a	3.84 ± 4.78	3.54 ± 4.52

^aP < 0.05. BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.