Association of total bilirubin with depression risk in adults with diabetes: A cross-sectional study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants, n (%)

Covariates	Diabetes mellitus (n = 4156)	Diabetic depression (n = 602)	P value
Age (yr)	61.12 ± 13.44	58.74 ± 12.63	< 0.001
Sex			< 0.001
Male	2268 (54.57)	222 (36.88)
Female	1888 (45.43)	380 (63.12)
Race/Ethnicity			< 0.001
Mexican American	713 (17.16)	110 (18.27)
Other Hispanic	436 (10.49)	86 (14.29)
Non-Hispanic white	1549 (37.27)	239 (39.70)
Non-Hispanic black	1015 (24.42)	127 (21.10)
Other races	443 (10.66)	40 (6.64)
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	32.13 ± 7.23	35.07 ± 9.19	< 0.001
Ratio of family income to poverty	2.41 ± 1.55	1.57 ± 1.23	< 0.001
Education level			< 0.001
Did not graduate from high school	1261 (30.34)	264 (43.85)
Graduated from high school	995 (23.94)	132 (21.93)
College education or above	1900 (45.72)	206 (34.22)
Smoking status, ≥ 100 cigarettes during their lifetime	2026 (48.75)	355 (58.97)	< 0.001
Drinking status, ≥ 12 alcohol drinks a year	2874 (69.15)	418 (69.44)	0.889
Hypertension	2665 (64.12)	436 (72.43)	< 0.001
Laboratory metrics
Bilirubin (μmol/L)	10.93 ± 5.35	10.17 ± 5.10	0.001
Albumin (g/L)	41.35 ± 3.46	40.42 ± 3.67	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)	26.39 ± 20.96	30.28 ± 59.21	0.577
AST (U/L)	26.07 ± 15.14	29.71 ± 43.88	0.444
ALP (U/L)	75.59 ± 29.63	81.22 ± 29.41	< 0.001
BUN (mmol/L)	5.82 ± 2.94	5.69 ± 3.10	0.035
Creatinine (μmol/L)	89.69 ± 63.29	89.20 ± 70.31	0.027
GGT (U/L)	36.44 ± 44.20	45.22 ± 62.07	< 0.001
LDH (U/L)	138.58 ± 34.68	141.18 ± 37.72	0.090
Uric acid (μmol/L)	344.87 ± 93.23	340.47 ± 95.02	0.280
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.77 ± 1.21	4.90 ± 1.30	0.018
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	2.11 ± 1.99	2.33 ± 2.00	0.009

BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase.