Copyright
©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Clin Cases. Jun 16, 2024; 12(17): 3076-3085
Published online Jun 16, 2024. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i17.3076
Published online Jun 16, 2024. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i17.3076
Table 2 Sociodemographic, health, anthropometry, and biochemical characteristics of participants
| Non-cognitive frail (n = 275, 53.7%) | Cognitive frail (n = 237, 46.3%) | Total (n = 512) | P value | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 71.6 ± 4.7 | 71.4 ± 6.3 | 71.5 ± 5.5 | 0.57 |
| Age group, n (%)b | 0.53 | |||
| 60-69 | 109 (39.6) | 101 (42.6) | 210 (41) | |
| ≥ 70 | 166 (60.4) | 136 (57.4) | 302(59) | |
| Gender, n (%)b | 0.01 | |||
| Men | 134 (48.7) | 88 (37.1) | 222 (43.4) | |
| Women | 141 (51.3) | 149 (62.9) | 290 (56.6) | |
| Marital Status, n (%)b | < 0.001 | |||
| Single | 50 (18.2) | 104 (43.9) | 154 (30.1) | |
| Married | 225 (81.8) | 133 (56.1) | 358 (69.9) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.17 | |||
| Yes | 21 (7.6) | 27 (11.4) | 48 (9.4) | |
| No | 254 (92.4) | 210 (88.6) | 464 (90.6) | |
| Years of education, mean ± SDa | 7.8 ± 4.5 | 5.8 ± 4.2 | 6.85 ± 4.47 | < 0.001 |
| Level education, n (%)b | 0.001 | |||
| Never attended | 23 (8.4) | 44 (18.6) | 67 (13.1) | |
| Primary school | 252 (91.6) | 193 (81.4) | 445 (86.9) | |
| Household income, n (%)b | < 0.001 | |||
| < 1929 (RM) | 177 (64.4) | 191 (80.9) | 368 (72) | |
| ≥ 1929 (RM) | 98 (35.6) | 45 (19.1) | 143 (28) | |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertensionb | 0.01 | |||
| Yes | 148 (53.8) | 154 (65.0) | 302 (59) | |
| No | 127 (46.2) | 83 (35.0) | 210 (41) | |
| Hypercholesterol | ||||
| Yes | 149 (54.2) | 130 (54.9) | 279 (54.5) | 0.93 |
| No | 126 (45.8) | 107 (45.1) | 233 (45.5) | |
| Diabetes | 0.04 | |||
| Yes | 79 (28.7) | 89(37.6) | 168 (32.8) | |
| No | 196 (71.3) | 148 (62.4) | 344 (67.2) | |
| Heart disease | 0.59 | |||
| Yes | 31 (11.3) | 31(13.1) | 62 (12.1) | |
| No | 244 (88.7) | 206(86.9) | 450 (87.9) | |
| Waist circumference (cm)a | 88.6 ± 11.3 | 91.5 ± 12.8 | 89.95 ± 12.10 | 0.01 |
| Fat free mass (kg)a | 44.1 ± 22.7 | 39.3 ± 7.7 | 41.90 ± 17.60 | < 0.001 |
| Percentage body fat (%)a | 32.6 ± 9.4 | 36.8 ± 10.1 | 34.51 ± 9.94 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SDa | 25.5 ± 4.4 | 26.5 ± 4.9 | 25.9 ± 4.7 | 0.02 |
| Body mass index, n (%)a | 0.10 | |||
| Underweight (< 24 kg/m2) | 110 (40.0) | 73 (30.8) | 183 (35.7) | |
| Normal (24-27 kg/m2) | 76 (27.6) | 75 (31.6) | 151 (29.5) | |
| Overweight (> 27 kg/m2) | 89 (32.4) | 89 (37.6) | 178 (34.8) | |
| Blood pressure systolic, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 143.5 ± 19.3 | 141.8 ± 21.9 | 142.7 ± 20.6 | 0.38 |
| Blood pressure systolic, n (%) | 0.41 | |||
| Normal (< 120 mmHg) | 29 (10.5) | 31 (13.2) | 60 (11.8) | |
| Elevated (≥ 120 mmHg) | 246 (89.5) | 203 (86.8) | 449 (88.2) | |
| Blood pressure diastolic, mmHg (mean ± SD | 75.3 ± 10.5 | 75.3 ± 11.3 | 75.3 ± 10.9 | 0.97 |
| Blood pressure diastolic, n (%) | .64 | |||
| Normal (< 80 mmHg) | 181 (65.8) | 149 (63.7) | 330 (64.8) | |
| Elevated (≥ 80 mmHg) | 94 (34.2) | 85 (36.3) | 179 (35.2) | |
| Biochemical | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), mean ± SDa | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 6.0 ± 1.8 | 0.03 |
| Fasting blood Glucose, n (%)b | 0.01 | |||
| Normal (4.1-6.1 mmol/L) | 203 (75.5) | 151 (65.1) | 354 (70.7) | |
| Elevated (> 6.1 mmol/L) | 66 (24.5) | 81 (34.9) | 147 (29.3) | |
| HbA1c%, mean ± SD | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 6.6 ± 4.0 | 6.4 ± 2.3 | 0.07 |
| HbA1c%, n (%) | 0.11 | |||
| Normal (< 5.6 mmol/L) | 67 (24.4) | 43 (18.1) | 110 (21.5) | |
| Elevated (≥ 5.6 mmol/L) | 208 (75.6) | 194 (81.9) | 402 (78.5) | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 5.1 ± 1.18 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 0.43 |
| Total cholesterol, n (%) | 0.66 | |||
| Normal (< 5.2 mmol/L) | 149 (54.2) | 123 (51.9) | 272 (53.1) | |
| Elevated (≥ 5.2 mmol/L) | 126 (45.8) | 114 (48.1) | 240 (46.9) | |
| High density lipid (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 1.47 ± 0.37 | 1.47 ± 0.39 | 1.47 ± 0.38 | 0.89 |
| Low density lipid (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 3.0 ± 1.00 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 0.70 |
| Framingham risk score, mean ± SDa | 18.1 ± 3.4 | 21.0 ± 8.4 | 19.8 ± 8.9 | 0.01 |
| Framingham risk score, n (%)b | 0.01 | |||
| Low (< 10) | 26 (24.5) | 18 (11.4) | 44 (16.7) | |
| Intermediate (10-19) | 34 (32.1) | 52 (32.9) | 86 (32.6) | |
| High (≥ 20) | 46 (43.4) | 88 (55.7) | 134 (50.8) | |
- Citation: Ibrahim AM, Singh DKA, Ludin AFM, Sakian NIM, Rivan NFM, Shahar S. Cardiovascular risk factors among older persons with cognitive frailty in middle income country. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12(17): 3076-3085
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v12/i17/3076.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v12.i17.3076