Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors prescriptions in Chinese hospitalized chronic kidney disease patients

Table 2 Characteristics of guideline-recommended chronic kidney disease patients with or without renin-angiotensin system inhibitors prescriptions in different years, n (%)

Characteristic	2010-2011			2012-2013			2014-2015			2016-2017			2018-2019			P value
	All	No RASI	RASI	All	No RASI	RASI	All	No RASI	RASI	All	No RASI	RASI	All	No RASI	RASI
Patients	3518 (18.6)	636 (8.8)	2882 (24.7)	4306 (22.8)	1798 (24.8)	2508 (21.5)	3876 (20.5)	1848 (25.5)	2028 (17.4)	3291 (17.4)	1512 (20.9)	1779 (15.2)	3928 (20.8)	1452 (20.0)	2476 (21.2)	< 0.001
Age ≥ 60 yr	722 (20.5)	100 (15.7)	622 (21.6)	934 (21.7)	323 (18.0)	611 (24.4)	886 (22.9)	315 (17.0)	571 (28.2)	872 (26.5)	347 (22.9)	525 (29.5)	1082 (27.5)	322 (22.2)	760 (30.7)	< 0.001
Male	2101 (59.7)	393 (61.8)	1708 (59.3)	2552 (59.3)	1079 (60.0)	1473 (58.7)	2335 (60.2)	1131 (61.2)	1204 (59.4)	2048 (62.2)	954 (63.1)	1094 (61.5)	2513 (64.0)	911 (62.7)	1602 (64.75)	0.172
Admitting department																< 0.001
Department of Nephrology	2540 (72.2)	493 (77.5)	2047 (71.0)	3186 (74.0)	1452 (80.8)	1734 (69.1)	2779 (71.7)	1506 (81.5)	1273 (62.8)	2350 (71.4)	1196 (79.1)	1154 (64.9)	2869 (73.0)	1153 (79.4)	1716 (69.3)
Department of Cardiology	171 (4.9)	21 (3.3)	150 (5.2)	245 (5.7)	99 (5.5)	146 (5.8)	232 (6.0)	83 (4.5)	149 (7.3)	211 (6.4)	78 (5.2)	133 (7.5)	271 (6.9)	88 (6.1)	183 (7.4)
Department of endocrinology	372 (10.6)	78 (12.3)	294 (10.2)	401 (9.3)	176 (9.8)	225 (9.0)	397 (10.2)	170 (9.2)	227 (11.2)	322 (9.8)	157 (10.4)	165 (9.3)	332 (8.5)	124 (8.5)	208 (8.4)
Surgery department	42 (1.2)	5 (0.8)	37 (1.3)	42 (1.0)	1 (0.1)	41 (1.6)	68 (1.8)	2 (0.1)	66 (3.3)	76 (2.3)	5 (0.3)	71 (4.0)	9 (0.6)	9 (0.6)	73 (2.9)
Others	393 (11.17)	39 (6.13)	354 (12.28)	432 (10.03)	70 (3.9)	362 (14.4)	400 (10.3)	87 (4.7)	313 (15.4)	332 (10.1)	76 (5.0)	256 (14.4)	24 (1.7)	78 (5.4)	296 (12.0)
Glomerulonephritis	1987 (56.5)	403 (63.4)	1584 (55.0)	2559 (59.4)	1216 (67.6)	1343 (53.5)	2333 (60.2)	1375 (74.4)	958 (47.2)	1873 (56.9)	1056 (69.8)	817 (45.9)	2281 (58.1)	1041 (71.7)	1240 (50.1)	< 0.001
IgA nephropathy	668 (19.0)	178 (28.0)	490 (17.0)	763 (17.7)	467 (26.0)	296 (11.8)	651 (16.8)	438 (23.7)	213 (10.5)	527 (16.0)	315 (20.8)	212 (11.9)	620 (15.8)	296 (20.4)	324 (13.1)	< 0.001
Diabetic kidney disease	641 (18.2)	136 (21.4)	505 (17.5)	680 (15.8)	320 (17.8)	360 (14.4)	581 (15.0)	261 (14.1)	320 (15.8)	550 (16.7)	241 (15.9)	309 (17.4)	738 (18.8)	275 (18.9)	463 (18.7)	0.654
Hypertensive nephropathy	256 (7.3)	43 (6.8)	213 (7.4)	384 (8.9)	186 (10.3)	198 (7.9)	197 (5.1)	137 (7.4)	60 (3.0)	140 (4.3)	78 (5.2)	62 (3.5)	495 (12.6)	247 (17.0)	248 (10.0)	< 0.001
Medical history
Diabetes mellitus	1051 (29.9)	202 (31.8)	849 (29.5)	1252 (29.1)	559 (31.1)	693 (27.6)	1090 (33.1)	488 (32.3)	602 (33.8)	1360 (34.6)	484 (33.3)	876 (35.4)	1195 (30.4)	536 (36.9)	659 (26.6)	0.770
Hypertension	2261 (64.3)	430 (67.6)	1831 (63.5)	2723 (63.2)	1261 (70.1)	1462 (58.3)	2405 (62.0)	1218 (65.9)	1187 (58.5)	2031 (61.7)	1021 (67.5)	1010 (56.8)	2719 (69.2)	1098 (75.6)	1621 (65.5)	< 0.001
Heart failure	146 (4.2)	18 (2.8)	128 (4.4)	227 (5.3)	71 (3.9)	156 (6.2)	186 (4.8)	42 (2.3)	144 (7.1)	179 (5.4)	36 (2.4)	143 (8.0)	247 (6.3)	44 (3.0)	203 (8.2)	< 0.001
Acute kidney injury	587 (16.7)	71 (11.2)	516 (17.9)	636 (14.8)	171 (9.5)	465 (18.5)	504 (13.0)	115 (6.2)	389 (19.2)	495 (15.0)	103 (6.8)	392 (22.0)	556 (14.2)	80 (5.5)	476 (19.2)	< 0.001
Staging of CKD																< 0.001
G1–2	1537 (43.7)	350 (55.0)	1187 (41.2)	1895 (44.0)	958 (53.3)	937 (37.4)	1756 (45.3)	1050 (56.8)	706 (34.8)	1400 (42.5)	824 (54.5)	576 (32.4)	1541 (39.2)	762 (52.5)	779 (31.5)
G3	743 (21.1)	157 (24.7)	586 (20.3)	976 (22.7)	502 (27.9)	474 (18.9)	948 (24.5)	540 (29.2)	408 (20.1)	835 (25.4)	498 (32.9)	337 (18.9)	1010 (25.7)	509 (35.1)	501 (20.2)
G4	444 (12.6)	59 (9.3)	385 (13.4)	593 (13.8)	179 (10.0)	414 (16.5)	529 (13.6)	173 (9.4)	356 (17.6)	472 (14.2)	140 (9.3)	332 (18.7)	603 (15.4)	132 (9.1)	471 (19.0)
G5	794 (22.6)	70 (11.0)	724 (25.1)	842 (19.6)	159 (8.8)	683 (27.2)	643 (16.6)	85 (4.6)	558 (27.5)	584 (17.7)	50 (3.3)	534 (30.0)	774 (19.7)	49 (3.4)	725 (29.3)
Serum potassium (mmol/L)																< 0.001
< 5.5	3405 (96.8)	616 (96.9)	2789 (96.8)	4206 (97.7)	1753 (97.5)	2453 (97.8)	3808 (98.2)	1821 (98.5)	1987 (98.0)	3217 (97.8)	14719 (97.3)	1746 (98.1)	3830 (97.5)	1436 (98.9)	2394 (96.7)
5.5-6.0	77 (2.2)	13 (2.0)	64 (2.2)	71 (1.6)	33 (1.8)	38 (1.5)	50 (1.3)	20 (1.1)	30 (1.5)	50 (1.5)	28 (1.9)	22 (1.2)	74 (1.9)	12 (0.8)	62 (2.5)
> 6.0	36 (1.0)	7 (1.1)	29 (1.0)	29 (0.7)	12 (0.7)	17 (0.7)	18 (0.5)	7 (0.4)	11 (0.5)	24 (0.7)	13 (0.9)	11 (0.6)	24 (0.6)	4 (0.3)	20 (0.8)
Albuminuria																0.096
A2	451 (12.8)	95 (14.9)	356 (12.4)	556 (12.9)	254 (14.1)	302 (12.0)	492 (12.7)	221 (12.0)	271 (13.4)	416 (12.6)	201 (13.3)	215 (12.1)	478 (12.2)	183 (12.6)	295 (11.9)
A3	3067 (87.2)	541 (85.1)	2526 (87.6)	3750 (87.1)	1544 (85.9)	2206 (88.0)	3384 (87.3)	1627 (88.0)	1757 (86.6)	2875 (87.4)	1311 (86.7)	1564 (87.9)	3475 (87.8)	1269 (87.4)	2181 (88.1)

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; RASI: Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors.