Major depressive disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses of demographics and comorbidities associated with major depressive disorders in the inflammatory bowel disease-rheumatoid arthritis cohort, national inpatient sample year 2000 to 2019

Variables	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	Unadjusted odds ratio1 (95%CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio2 (95%CI)	P value
Gender, Female vs Male	1.533 (1.424–1.651)	< 0.0001	1.518 (1.463-1.575)	< 0.0001
Age groups (yr)
< 18	0.380 (0.153–0.944)	0.0371	0.793 (0.523-1.203)	0.2842
18-44	1.320 (1.214-1.434)	< 0.0001	1.888 (1.790-1.991)	< 0.0001
45-64	1.418 (1.321-1.521)	< 0.0001	1.693 (1.625-1.764)	< 0.0001
65-84	Reference	NA	Reference	NA
≥ 85	0.773 (0.649-0.920)	0.0037	0.749 (0.688-0.814)	< 0.0001
Race
White	1.500 (1.338-1.682)	< 0.0001	1.830 (1.728-1.939)	< 0.0001
Black	Reference	NA	Reference	NA
Hispanic	1.193 (0.993-1.434)	0.0598	1.391 (1.272-1.521)	< 0.0001
Asian or Pacific Islander	0.720 (0.441-1.174)	0.1876	0.856 (0.679-1.078)	0.1876
Native American	1.029 (0.616-1.720)	0.9120	0.937 (0.733-1.198)	0.6120
Other	1.109 (0.959-1.282)	0.1627	1.456 (1.351-1.568)	< 0.0001
Primary payer status
Medicare	Reference	NA	Reference	NA
Medicaid	1.327 (1.205-1.462)	< 0.0001	1.043 (0.99-1.10)	0.1148
Private	0.911 (0.850-0.977)	0.0085	0.774 (0.744-0.805)	< 0.0001
Self-Pay	1.035 (0.831-1.289)	0.7616	0.892 (0.800-0.994)	0.0382
No charge	0.853 (0.398-1.827)	0.6825	0.698 (0.485-1.005)	0.0555
Other	1.069 (0.871-1.311)	0.5255	0.974 (0.88-1.077)	0.5930
Median socioeconomic status by national quartiles
0-25	Reference	NA	Reference	NA
25-50	1.006 (0.923-1.097)	0.8836	1.031 (0.988-1.075)	0.1595
50-75	1.026 (0.943-1.117)	0.5455	1.071 (1.025-1.118)	0.0019
75-100	0.890 (0.814-0.972)	0.0095	0.998 (0.952-1.045)	0.9323
Other	0.664 (0.505-0.873)	0.0034	0.697 (0.61-0.795)	< 0.0001
Hospital bed size
Small	Reference	NA	Reference	NA
Medium	1.061 (0.967-1.164)	0.2109	0.956 (0.913-1.002)	0.0585
Large	0.936 (0.873-1.005)	0.0669	0.926 (0.888-0.966)	0.0004
Location/teaching status of the hospital
Rural	Reference	NA	Reference	NA
Urban nonteaching	1.028 (0.917-1.152)	0.6376	0.994 (0.938-1.054)	0.8450
Urban teaching	1.253 (1.172-1.339)	< 0.0001	1.235 (1.168-1.306)	< 0.0001
Hospital region
Northeast	Reference	NA	Reference	NA
Midwest or North Central	1.312 (1.199-1.437)	< 0.0001	1.223 (1.162-1.286)	< 0.0001
South	1.124 (1.031-1.225)	0.0078	1.083 (1.032-1.137)	0.0015
West	1.179 (1.065-1.306)	0.0015	1.148 (1.085-1.213)	< 0.0001
Comorbidities
Liver disease, mild	1.401 (1.251-1.569)	< 0.0001	1.156 (1.091-1.224)	< 0.0001
Liver disease, moderate to severe	1.206 (0.867-1.677)	0.2655	0.976 (0.827-1.152)	0.7708
Peptic ulcer disease	1.532 (1.247-1.881)	< 0.0001	1.254 (1.133-1.387)	< 0.0001
Esophageal disorders	1.684 (1.582-1.792)	< 0.0001	1.528 (1.481-1.576)	< 0.0001
Gastritis	1.236 (1.063-1.436)	0.0059	1.096 (1.018-1.18)	0.0145
Diabetes mellitus with chronic complications	1.326 (1.181-1.489)	< 0.0001	1.201 (1.131-1.274)	< 0.0001
Diabetes mellitus without chronic complications	1.033 (0.946-1.128)	0.4688	1.064 (1.018-1.113)	0.0059
Hypertension	1.082 (1.018-1.151)	0.0115	1.091 (1.055-1.128)	< 0.0001
Heart Failure	0.922 (0.839-1.014)	0.0943	1.005 (0.955-1.058)	0.8505
Coronary artery disease	0.858 (0.787-0.936)	0.0005	0.901 (0.861-0.944)	< 0.0001
Cardiac dysrhythmias	0.811 (0.742-0.887	< 0.0001	0.884 (0.844-0.925)	< 0.0001
Myocardial infarction	0.703 (0.512-0.965)	0.0295	0.684 (0.587-0.797)	< 0.0001
Stroke	0.604 (0.443-0.825)	0.0015	0.564 (0.484-0.656)	< 0.0001
Iron Deficiency Anemia	1.009 (0.908-1.122)	0.8635	1.017 (0.966-1.071)	0.5143
Nutritional deficiencies	1.539 (1.344-1.762)	< 0.0001	1.282 (1.199-1.37)	< 0.0001
Lipid Metabolism disorders	1.210 (1.130-1.296)	< 0.0001	1.192 (1.15-1.237)	< 0.0001
Thyroid disorders	1.327 (1.231-1.430)	< 0.0001	1.247 (1.201-1.295)	< 0.0001
Chronic Pancreatitis	1.788 (1.415-2.259)	< 0.0001	1.356 (1.207-1.524)	< 0.0001
Renal failure, moderate	1.026 (0.919-1.145)	0.6530	1.04 (0.981-1.102)	0.1839
Renal failure, severe	1.072 (0.897-1.282)	0.4445	1.117 (1.02-1.223)	0.0172
Menopausal disorders	1.716 (1.211-2.432)	0.0024	1.433 (1.206-1.702)	< 0.0001
Osteoporosis	1.280 (1.171-1.399)	< 0.0001	1.21 (1.157-1.265)	< 0.0001
Osteoarthritis	1.287 (1.187-1.395)	< 0.0001	1.215 (1.167-1.264)	< 0.0001
Obesity	1.500 (1.377-1.635)	< 0.0001	1.228 (1.176-1.283)	< 0.0001
Weight Loss	1.253 (0.964-1.628	0.0913	1.212 (1.067-1.378)	0.0032
Protein-calorie malnutrition	1.162 (1.045-1.291)	0.0054	1.103 (1.047-1.162)	0.0002
Leukemia	0.980 (0.643-1.492)	0.9237	1.05 (0.856-1.288)	0.6351
Lymphoma	0.875 (0.610-1.255)	0.4685	1.014 (0.852-1.207)	0.8744
Metastatic cancer	0.975 (0.744-1.277)	0.8532	1.095 (0.948-1.265)	0.2168
Solid tumor without metastasis, malignant	0.917 (0.775-1.085)	0.3140	0.944 (0.863-1.034)	0.2131
Paralysis	1.391 (1.110-1.744)	0.0042	1.48 (1.32-1.659)	< 0.0001
Dementia	1.601 (1.344-1.908)	< 0.0001	2.082 (1.906-2.274)	< 0.0001
AIDS	0.866 (0.422-1.776)	0.6938	0.826 (0.58-1.178)	0.2847
Smoking	1.410 (1.325-1.502)	< 0.0001	1.231 (1.193-1.271)	< 0.0001
Alcohol	2.296 (1.922-2.743)	< 0.0001	2.109 (1.927-2.308)	< 0.0001
Opioids	2.430 (2.128-2.774)	< 0.0001	2.009 (1.882-2.145)	< 0.0001

¹Univariate analysis is performed with logistic regression.

²Multivariate analysis is performed with weighted multi-level mixed effect models.

NA: No application; AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.