Cholecystoenteric fistula in a patient with advanced gallbladder cancer: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Summary data of gallbladder cancer related cholecystoenteric fistula

Ref.	Sex/age(yr)	Clinical symptoms	Image modalities and findings	Type of GBC	Type of CEF	Management
[4]	M/68	Abdomen pain, anorexia, weight loss	CT, colonoscopy: GBC, HF colon fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CCF	Diverting loop ileostomy
[15]	F/64	Right abdomen pain, weight loss, fever, jaundice	CT: GBC, HF colon fistula	Carcinoma	CCF	Palliative treatment
[16]	F/78	Nausea, vomiting	EGD, CT: GBC, duodenal fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CDF	Cholecystectomy, left hepatic lobectomy, antrectomy, resection of first portion of duodenum, reconstruction with a Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy
[17]	F/81	Right upper abdomen pain, anorexia, fever	EGD, CT, MRI, gastrografin: GBC, duodenal fistula, HF colon fistula	SqCC	CDF, CCF	EGD and colonoscopy with endoscopic fistula closure
[18]	F/59	Nausea, vomiting	CT, ERCP: GBC, duodenal fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CDF	Endobiliary RFA with stents placement
[19]	F/80	Right upper abdomen pain	CT: Transverse colon fistula	SqCC	CCF	Cholecystectomy, partial colectomy
[20]	M/68	Right upper abdomen pain, weight loss	CT: Duodenal fistula	SqCC	CDF	Palliative chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy
[21]	M/68	None	PET CT, MRI, EGD: porcelain gallbladder, suspected GBC, duodenal fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CDF	Subtotal stomach-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy, radical cholecystectomy
[22]	M/59	Abdomen pain, vomiting	CT: HF colon fistula, a gallstone in the left colon	Carcinoma	CCF	Colostomy
[23]	M/74	Right upper abdomen pain, weight loss	CT: Duodenal fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CDF	Unknown
[24]	F/67	Upper abdomen pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss	CT: GBC	SGCC	CCF	Cholecystectomy, bisegmentectomy IVb-V, right hemicolectomy
[25]	M/87	Abdomen pain	CT: Transverse colon fistula	Carcinosarcoma	CCF	Cholecystectomy with partial transverse colectomy
[6]	F/62	None	CT: Gallstone, suspected HF colon cancer	Adenocarcinoma	CCF	Cholecystectomy, right hemicolectomy
[26]	F/81	Upper abdomen pain, fever	PTC: GBC, transverse colon fistula	Papillomatosis	CCF	Cholecystectomy, fistula closure, choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage
[27]	M/66	Right upper abdomen pain, nausea, vomiting	CT, EGD: Duodenal fistula	SqCC	CDF	Palliative treatment
[28]	F/48	Right upper abdomen pain, jaundice, melena	US, CT: GBC, HF colon fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CCF	Chemotherapy, radiotherapy
[29]	F/81	Upper abdomen pain, vomiting	CT: Duodenal fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CDF	Cholecystectomy, fistula closure, gastrojejunostomy, choledochojejunostomy
[30]	F/75	Abdomen pain, vomiting, diarrhea	CT: Air-filled thickened-walled gallbladder	Adenocarcinoma	Unknow	Laparotomy with stone extraction, palliative treatment
[31]	F/80	Anorexia	EGD: Duodenal fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CDF	Cholecystectomy, fistula closure, choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage
[32]	F/46	Right upper abdomen pain, weight loss	US, CT: GBC, gallstone	Adenocarcinoma	CCF	Cholecystectomy with partial hepatic segments resection (IV and V), fistulectomy, right hemicolectomy
[33]	F/76	Right upper abdomen pain, vomiting	CT: Air-filled thickened-walled gallbladder, duodenal fistula	Carcinoma	CDF	Enterotomy with stone extraction
[34]	M/84	Coffee ground emesis	EGD, CT: Gallstone, duodenal fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CDF	Cholecystectomy, duodenum repair
[35]	F/60	Right upper abdomen pain, fever, nausea, vomiting	US, PTC, MRI: GBC, gallstone, HF colon fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CCF	Laparotomy, right hemicolectomy, primary anastomosis
[36]	F/67	Right upper abdomen pain, anorexia	CT, gastrografin: Gastric fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CGF	Cholecystectomy, liver wedge resection, and gastric antrectomy including the fistula, gastroduodenal anastomosis
[37]	F/70	Abdomen pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss	US, gastrografin: HF colon fistula	SqCC	CCF	Extended right hemicolectomy, subtotal excision of the gallbladder
[38]	F/72	Upper abdomen pain, nausea, vomiting	Gastrografin, EGD: Gallstone in duodenum	Metastatic breast carcinoma	CDF	Laparotomy with stone extraction
[39]	F/75	Abdomen pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss	US, gastrografin, EGD: Gallstone, gastric outlet obstruction	Adenocarcinoma	CDF	Enterostomy with stone extraction, cholecystectomy with fistula excision
[40]	M/55	Right upper abdomen pain, diarrhea, weight loss	Gastrografin, colonoscopy, EGD: duodenal fistula, transverse colon fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CDF, CCF	Radical cholecystectomy, partial gastrectomy, vagotomy, duodenectomy, proximal pancreatectomy, right hemicolectomy, resection of the proximal jejunum, anticolic antiperistaltic gastrojejunostomy (Polya), end-to-side choledochojejunostomy, ileotransverse colostomy
[41]	F/51	Right upper abdomen pain, fever, vomiting	Gastrografin: Leakage from the duodenum	Adenocarcinoma	CDF, CCF	Diagnostic laparotomy, palliative treatment
[41]	M/63	Right upper abdomen pain, melena	None	Adenocarcinoma	CCF	Palliative treatment
Our case	M/57	Abdomen pain, vomiting, diarrhea	CT, EGD, colonoscopy, gastrografin, MRCP: GBC, gallstone, duodenal fistula, transverse colon fistula	Adenocarcinoma	CDF, CCF	Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, loop ileostomy

M: Male; F: Female; GBC: Gallbladder cancer; CEF: Cholecystoenteric fistula; CT: Computed tomography; HF: Hepatic flexure; CCF: Cholecystocolonic fistula; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; CDF: Cholecystoduodenal fistula; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; SqCC: Squamous cell carcinoma; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; PET: Positron emission tomography; SGCC: Spindle and giant cell type undifferentiated carcinoma; PTC: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography; US: Ultrasonography; CGF: Cholecystogastric fistula; MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.