Effect of vitamin supplementation on polycystic ovary syndrome and key pathways implicated in its development: A Mendelian randomization study

Table 2 Heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests of the Mendelian randomization analysis

Exposure/Outcome	Heterogeneity		Pleiotropy
	Cochran’s Q	P value	Egger-intercept	P value
Vitamin D/PCOS	180.692	0.368	-0.006	0.487
Vitamin D/Hyperlipidaemia	449.648	< 0.001	-0.004	0.425
Vitamin D/Obesity	402.633	< 0.001	0.002	0.494
Vitamin D/Insulin resistance	169.312	0.001	-0.002	0.059
Vitamin K/PCOS	2.926	0.570	0.029	0.752
Vitamin K/Hyperlipidaemia	5.151	0.272	0.044	0.290
Vitamin K/Obesity	7.086	0.131	0.049	0.150
Vitamin K/Insulin resistance	7.932	0.094	-0.008	0.469
Vitamin B12/PCOS	1.284	0.973	0.004	0.930
Vitamin B12/Hyperlipidaemia	3.346	0.764	-0.022	0.297
Vitamin B12/Obesity	5.046	0.540	0.003	0.858
Vitamin B12/Insulin resistance	3.578	0.466	-0.003	0.451

PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome.