Clinical characteristics and risk factors of intracranial hemorrhage after spinal surgery

Table 4 Clinical information of intracranial hemorrhage patients after spinal surgery

No	Gender	Age	Comorbidity	Diagnosis	Procedure	Surgery position	Dura damage	Pedicle screws	Fusion instrument	Clinical manifestations	Brain imaging	Treatment	Outcome (mRS)
1	F	78	CVD	Lumber spinal stenosis (L4/5)	Posterior lumbar spinal fusion, decompression and discectomy	Prone	No	Yes	Yes	Apathy, hemiparalysis 0/5. NIHSS 17	Bilateral parietal and frontal lobe hemorrhage and SAH	Conservative treatment	5
2	M	80	HT	Ossification of thoracic ligamentum flavum (T1-3)	Posterior thoracic spinal fusion, resection of the ligamentum flavum ossification	Prone	No	No	No	Lethargy, aphasia, gaze, quadriplegia 0/5, neck rigidity. NIHSS 34	Left intraventricular hemorrhage and SAH	Conservative treatment	1
3	F	68	HT	Cervical degenerative disc disease (C3-6)	Posterior cervical spinal fusion, laminoplasty procedure	Prone	No	Yes	No	Drowsiness, vomiting, dysarthria, ataxia. NIHSS 5	Bilateral cerebellar hematoma and SAH	Conservative treatment	3
4	F	74	CVD, HT, HLP	Ossification of thoracic ligamentum flavum (T10/11)	Posterior thoracic spinal fusion, laminectomy and resection of ligamentum flavum ossification	Prone	Yes	Yes	Yes	Drowsy, vomiting, aphasia, gaze. NIHSS 10	Right frontal lobe hemorrhage and right cerebellar hematoma	Hematoma evacuation, decompressive craniectomy	5
5	M	68	CVD, HT, DM	Lumber spondylolisthesis L4; degenerative disc disease (L5/S1)	Posterior cervical spinal fusion, decompression and discectomy	Prone	Yes	Yes	Yes	Coma, neck rigidity, quadriplegia 0/5. NIHSS 34.	SAH and intracranial pneumatosis	DSA and conservative treatment	3
6	M	60	HT	Thoracic spondylolisthesis (T12/L1)	Posterior lumbar fusion procedure, resection of ligamentum flavum ossification	Prone	Yes	Yes	Yes	Headache, dysphasia, numbness. NIHSS 2	Bilateral cerebellum hemorrhage	Conservative treatment	2

HT: Hypertension; HLP: Hyperlipidemia; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CVD: Previous cerebral vascular disease; CHD: Coronary heart disease; NIHSS: National Institute of Health stroke scale; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; SAH: Subarachnoid hemorrhage; DSA: Digital subtraction angiography.