COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review

Table 6 Different coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination-related autonomic dysfunction and gastrointestinal manifestations

Ref.	Type of Study	Country	Type of vaccine	Time-interval	Number of patients	Age	Sex	Main presentation	GIT manifestations
Hermel et al[79], 2022	Case report	United States	Pfizer-BioNTech	2 wk	1	46	F	POTS	Elevated AST
Reddy et al[80], 2021	Case report	United States	Pfizer-BioNTech	6 d	1	42	M	POTS	His symptoms increased after heavy meals
Lanman et al[81], 2022	Case report	United States	Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA-BNT162b2	3 d (1st dose)	1	58	F	GBS	Constipation
Eldokla et al[82], 2022	Case report	United States	Moderna (1) Pfizer/BioNTech (4)	1-3 wk	5	17- 46	F	POTS	Dry mouth (1), constipation (1), nausea (2), bloating (1)
Tahir et al[83], 2021	Case report	United States	Johnson & Johnson/Janssen	10 d	1	44	F	Transverse myelitis & Bell's palsy	Nausea
Hilts et al[84], 2022	Case report	United States	Moderna	3 d	1	58	M	GBS	Diarrhoea (stopped before symptoms)
Fitzsimmons et al[85],2021	Case report	United States	Moderna	1 d (2nd dose)	1	63	M	Transverse myelitis	Constipation
Akaishi et al[86], 2022	Retrospective cohort study	Japan	Moderna		131544	≥ 16	M/F 1.2:1	Variable	Nausea (0.27%); abdominal pain (0.006%)
Antonelli et al[87], 2022	Prospective community-based case-control	United Kingdom	BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, mRNA-1273	1-2 wk	9462	> 18 Mean age: 52.9 years		Variable	Abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea

Johnson & Johnson/Janssen is Ad26.COV2. Pfizer-BioNTech is an mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 is Oxford University Vaccine using chimpanzee adenoviral vector ChAdOx1, containing the SARS-CoV-2 structural surface glycoprotein antigen (spike protein; nCoV-19) gene. mRNA-1273 is the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine. POTS: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome; Time-interval: The time between vaccination intake and the development of the symptoms. AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BNT162b2: Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine; GBS: Guillain-Barre syndrome; GIT: Guideline-informed treatment; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.