Development and validation of a predictive model for spinal fracture risk in osteoporosis patients

Table 1 Patient characteristics, n (%)

Characteristics	Fracture group (n = 40)	Non-fracture group (n = 40)	P value
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	67.5 ± 11.8	61.2 ± 12.2	0.024
Gender (Female)	22 (55.0)	22 (55.0)	1.000
BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m²)	22.8 ± 3.5	24.6 ± 3.7	0.004
Smoking history	19 (47.5)	9 (22.5)	0.011
Alcohol consumption	7 (17.5)	9 (22.5)	0.799
Glucocorticoid use	4 (10.0)	3 (7.5)	0.737
BMD (mean ± SD, g/cm²)	0.70 ± 0.13	0.85 ± 0.10	< 0.001
Vertebral trabecular changes	28 (70.0)	18 (45.0)	0.021
Previous vertebral fractures	23 (57.5)	8 (20.0)	< 0.001

P values are based on Student's t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables and χ² or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. BMI: Body mass index; BMD: Bone mineral density.