Age, blood tests and comorbidities and AIMS65 risk scores outperform Glasgow-Blatchford and pre-endoscopic Rockall score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Table 1 Descriptive analysis of demographical data, clinical findings, type of intervention and outcome by type of bleeding, n (%)

Parameters	All cases, n = 363 (%)	Variceal bleeding, n = 127 (34%)	Non-variceal bleeding, n = 236 (65%)	P value
Demographical data
Age, yr; median/interval	60.90; 61/19-93	57.24; 57.50/19-88	62.87; 63/21-93	0.001
> 60 yr	201 (55.4)	56 (44.1)	145 (61.4)	0.002
Male	240 (66.1)	85 (66.9)	155 (65.7)	0.810
Comorbidities
Heart failure	75 (20.7)	9 (7.1)	66 (28.0)	0.001
Atrial fibrillation	52 (14.3)	8 (6.3)	44 (18.6)	0.001
Arterial hypertension	119 (32.8)	22 (17.3)	97 (41.1)	0.001
Coronary artery disease	61 (16.8)	4 (3.1)	57 (24.2)	0.001
Diabetes mellitus	49 (13.5)	18 (14.2)	31 (13.1)	0.783
COPD	9 (2.5)	1 (0.8)	8 (3.4)	0.096
Asthma	3 (0.8)	0 (0.0)	3 (1.3)	0.107
Kidney disease	30 (8.3)	2 (1.6)	28 (11.9)	0.001
Liver cirrhosis	139 (38.3)	99 (78.0)	40 (16.9)	0.001
Active malignancy	25 (6.9)	12 (9.4)	13 (5.5)	0.166
Hepatocarcinoma	9 (2.5)	8 (6.2)	1 (0.5)
Cerebral vascular disease	24 (6.6)	2 (1.6)	22 (9.3)	0.002
Symptoms
Haematemesis	279 (76.9)	115 (90.6)	164 (69.5)	0.001
Melena	267 (73.6)	89 (70.1)	178 (75.4)	0.274
Abdominal pain	60 (16.5)	19 (15.0)	41 (17.4)	0.553
Syncope	12 (3.3)	2 (1.6)	10 (4.2)	0.151
Presyncope	8 (2.2)	2 (1.6)	6 (2.5)	0.539
Other symptoms	36 (9.9)	12 (9.4)	24 (10.2)	0.826
Chronic treatment
Antiplatelets	36 (9.9)			0.002
Aspirin	22 (6.1)	1 (0.8)	21 (8.9)
Clopidogrel	7 (1.9)	0 (0)	7 (3.0)
DAPT (aspirin clopidogrel or aspirin ticagrelor)	6 (1.7)	1 (0.8)	5 (2.1)
Ticagrelor	1 (0.3)	0 (0)	1 (0.4)
No treatment	327 (90.1)	125 (98.4)	202 (85.6)
Anticoagulation	32 (8.9)			0.003
DOAC	22 (6.1)	0 (0)	22 (9.3)
VKA	10 (2.8)	3 (2.4)	7 (3.0)
No treatment	331 (91.2)	124 (97.6)	207 (87.7)
Source of GI bleeding
Ulcerative and erosive lesions	25 (6.9)	0 (0)	25 (10.6)	0.001
Severe/erosive esophagitis	27 (7.4)	0 (0)	27 (11.4)
Severe/erosive gastritis/duodenitis	151 (41.6)	0 (0)	151 (64)
Vascular lesions (angiodysplasia)	6 (1.7)	0 (0)	6 (2.5)
Mass lesions	12 (3.3)	0 (0)	12 (5)
Traumatic lesions (Mallory Weiss tear)	9 (2.4)	0 (0)	9 (3.8)
Lesion unidentified/Dieulafoy	6 (1.6)	0 (0)	6 (2.7)
Oesophageal varices	115 (31.7)	115 (90.5)	0 (0)	0.003
Gastric varices	12 (3.3)	12 (9.5)	0 (0)
Intervention
Injection therapy (dilute epinephrine) with thermal coagulation	29 (8.0)	0 (0.0)	28 (11.9)	0.001
Mechanical endoscopic therapy	59 (16.3)	50 (39.4)	9 (3.8)	0.001
Haemostatic clip	9 (2.5)	0 (0)	9 (3.8)
Variceal ligation	48 (13.2)	48 (37.7)	0 (0)
Variceal sclerotherapy	2 (0.6)	2 (1.6)	0 (0)
Failed endoscopic therapy	17 (4.7)	9 (7)	8 (3.4)	0.001
Surgical interventions	9 (2.5)	0 (0)	9 (3.8)	0.026
Transfusion
Transfusions	112 (30.9)	38 (29.9)	74 (31.5)	0.758
In-hospital mortality
Death	34 (9.4)	16 (12.6)	18 (7.7)	0.131

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DAPT: Dual antiplatelets treatment DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulation VKA: Vitamin K antagonist GI: Gastrointestinal.