Diffusion tensor imaging in the courtroom: Distinction between scientific specificity and legally admissible evidence

Table 1 Diffusion tensor imaging orders by state courts

State	Cases	Date	Court	Ruling	Documents	Frye/Daubert
CA	Gutcher vs Toyota Motor Sales, UNITED STATES, Inc.	8/26/2013	CA Superior Court - County of Kern	Supportive	Reporter's transcript of testimony and proceedings denying MIL to preclude Dr Wu	Daubert
CO	Whilden vs Kimberly Cline, Elmer Dudden & Colorado Cab Company, LLC	5/10/2010	USDC - Jefferson County	Supportive	Order - Denying MIL to preclude DTI evidence – Dr Orrison	Daubert
	Woods vs Ruth	2/14/2014	USDC - County of Arapahoe	Supportive	Order - Motion to Strike Opinions of Plaintiff's Expert Dr Benson - denied (Brimmer, DJ)	Daubert
	White vs Deere & Company, John Deere Limited & John Does 1-5	2/08/2016	USDC - CO	Supportive	Order - Denied Motion to Exclude Dr Benson's opinions	Daubert
	Siewald vs Flores	5/17/2019	DC - Larimer County	Supportive	Denial Notice to Strike/Preclude Snyder, Omnibus Order - Motions to strike expert testimony	Daubert
CT	Vizzo vs Fairfield Bedford, LLC	11/2/2016	Superior Court - Judicial District of Stamford/Norwalk - CT	Supportive	Transcript - Motion to Preclude Daubert/Porter denied	Daubert
FL	Hammar vs Sentinel Insurance Company, LTD	9/27/2010	FL Circuit Court - 13th Judicial Circuit - Hillsborough County Civil Division	Supportive	Order - Denying Defendant's Frye challenge	Frye
	Sworin vs Harris	4/04/2014	FL Circuit Court - 20th Judicial District - Collier County	Supportive	Order - Defendant's Motion to Exclude Opinions and Expert's Report of Plaintiff's expert Dr Benson	Daubert
	Marsh vs Celebrity Cruises, Inc.	12/15/2017	USDC- Southern District of FL	Supportive	Order - Daubert Motion denied (Ungar, DJ)	Daubert
	Sutter vs Youngman	2/25/2019	Florida Circuit Court - 7th Judicial Circuit - Volusia County	Supportive	Order - Defendant's Frye Motion, Hearing Transcript, Plaintiff's Opposition to Defendant's Frye Motion, Deposition of Dr Wintermark	Frye
	Ward vs Carnival Corp.	3/14/2019	USDC – SD - FL	Supportive	Written opinion denying defendant’s motion to strike DTI expert (Andrew Walker, M.D.)	Daubert
	Caslow vs Orange Christian School	3/26/2018	Circuit Court, 8th Judicial District	Unsupportive	DTI precluded	Daubert
IL	Weyer vs SAIA Motor Freight Line, LLC	6/02/2019	USDC- NDIL	Supportive	Motion in limine to preclude Benson DTI evidence denied	Daubert
	Snyder vs Vital	11/2021	Third Judicial Circuit, Madison County	Supportive	Order - DTI & 3D Tractography (Dr Ammar Chaudhry)	Frye
IN	Ruppel vs Kucanin		USDC – Norther District - IN	Supportive	Order - Motion to Exclude Dr Benson's opinions denied (Moody, DJ)	Daubert
IA	Lamphier vs Schlee Masonry	4/16/2012	IA - Worker's Compensation	Supportive	Order for 3T DTI Dr Benson (approved)	DTI approved; test not specified
	Henrickson vs Department of Human Services, State of Iowa	8/14/2012	IA - Worker's Compensation	Supportive	Order for 3T DTI Dr Benson (approved)	DTI approved; test not specified
KY	Roach vs Hughes	3/09/2016	USDC – W.D.KY; 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 192835	Supportive	Order denying to preclude “DTI” Analysis and causation opinion	Daubert
LA	Leboeuf vs B&K Contractors, Inc	5/27/2009	Court of Appeal of LA, 4th Circuit - 10 So. 3D 897	Supportive	Judgment of trial court affirmed	DTI not contested
	Andrew, et al vs Patterson Motor Freight, Inc., et al	10/23/2014	USDC – Western District of LA - Lafayette Division - 2014 WL 5449732	Supportive	Motion to preclude DTI evidence denied	Daubert
	Barnett vs National Continental Insurance Co.	1/08/2019	USDC – Middle District of LA, 2019 WL 126732	Supportive	Motion to preclude DTI evidence denied	Daubert
	Hall vs Landstar Ranger Inc, et al	12/26/2019	USDC – Western District of LA - Lafayette Division - No. 6i18-CV-0410	Supportive	Magistrate Judge, Minutes of Court & Order 12/26/19	Daubert
	Meadors vs D'Agostino	10/29/2020	USDC – Middle District LA	Supportive	Daubert challenge to non-MD testimony and all DTI issues denied	Daubert
	Hernandez vs Scales	12/15/2021	Court of Appeal of La, 1st Circuit cert denied by SCT	Supportive	Reversing decision of trial court to preclude DTI & QEEG	LSA-C.E. Art. 702
MA	Zawaski vs Gigs, LLC & Wendell Lee Zorman	11/04/2010	Superior Court - Commonwealth of Ma	Supportive	Notice to Preclude denied	Daubert
	Wu vs Lauriat	9/05/2012	Superior Court - Middlesex County	Supportive	Plaintiff's Opposition to Defendant's Motion, partial transcript	Daubert
	Chiulli vs Newbury Fine Dining d/b/a Sonsie's Restaurant	10/17/2012	USDC - Massachusetts	Supportive	Denied MIL to preclude DTI (Benson) (Tauro, DJ)	Daubert
	Irwin vs Eclectic Dining Inc., d/b/a Atlantica's Olde Salt House	6/23/2015	USDC - MA - Daubert	Supportive	Defense Motion to preclude Dr Benson, Plaintiff's Opposition to Motion to Preclude, Defense Reply Brief	Daubert
	Malagic vs Suffolk Construction	8/05/2022	Superior Court - Middlesex County	Supportive	Oder (Benson) - not diagnostic but consistent	Daubert
	Craffey vs Embree Construction Group, Inc.	10/26/2015	Superior Court - Commonwealth of MA	Supportive	Order - MIL to preclude DTI denied (Benson)	Daubert
MI	Rye vs Kia Motors America, Inc.	2/16/2010	Circuit Court - Wayne County	Supportive	Order - Defendant's MIL to preclude testimony of Dr Benson	Daubert
	Ikola vs Matthew Wright, R&L Trainer, Inc & R&L Carriers Shared Services, LLC	6/23/2015	Circuit Court - County of Berrien	Supportive	Order - Denying Defendant's MIL to Exclude evidence regarding Dr Benson's quantitative DTI	Daubert
MN	Wills vs Benjamin Vincent Sullivan & Pan-O-Gold Baking CO.	9/13/2010	3rd Judicial District - County of Wabasha	Supportive	Motion to Exclude or limit testimony of [Joseph] Wu denied	Frye
	Hansen vs Crain	4/04/2011	2nd Judicial District - County of Ramsey	Supportive	Transcript, Motion to preclude Dr Wu on PET and DTI denied	Frye
	Nelson vs BNSF Railway Company	10/01/2013	4th Judicial District - County of Hennepin	Supportive	MIL barring Dr Wu denied	Frye
	Nordstrom vs Fleet & Farm of Menomie, Inc.	1/7/2014	10th Judicial District - County of Washington	Supportive	Motion to preclude DTI denied	Frye
	Hyman vs David T. Chang, M.D.	7/18/2014	2nd Judicial District - County of Ramsey	Supportive	Order - Defendant's MIL (context)	Frye
	Peddycoart vs Lombardo	2/13/2018	1st Judicial District - County of Dakota	Supportive	Order denying Motion to Exclude Dr Benson	Frye
MT	Kreiman vs C & CB LLC	10/17/2021	MT Seventh Judicial District Court	Supportive	Cross MIL re DTI; Dr Wortzel barred from testifying DTI not generally accepted	Daubert
NJ	Ferrante vs City of Atlantic City	5/29/2014	Superior Court of NJ - Mercer County - Law Division	Supportive	MIL to bar Dr Benson's testimony on DTI denied	Daubert
NM	Booth vs Kit, Inc.	3/23/2009	USDC- NM	Supportive	Order - Denying Joint Motion to Strike/Limit – Orrison (Parker DJ)	Daubert
	Ebel vs Joe F. Apache, Turner Enterprises, Inc.	12/11/2013	State of NN County of Santa Fe, 1st Judicial District	Supportive	Order - Denying Defendant's Motion to Exclude DTI	Daubert
NY	LaMasa vs Bachman	11/20/2008	Supreme Court, Appellate Division First Department, NY	Supportive	Judgment affirmed, DTI evidence - 56 A.D. 3d 340, 869NYS (2008)	Frye
	Girgs vs Snapple Distribution Corp. et al	5/22/2014	Civil Court of The City of New York - County of Queens: Part 30	Supportive	Decision and Order - MIL to preclude Lipton, DTI and discovery dispute denied	Frye
	Sullivan vs Daniel I. Walters	7/09/2014	Supreme Court of The State of NY; County of Nassau	Supportive	MIL to preclude DTI (Dr Lipton) denied, Notice of Motion, Affirmation in Opposition, Affirmation in Reply	Frye
	Velez vs Merejo	11/06/2014	Supreme Court of The State of NY - County of NY	Supportive	Request for Frye DTI hearing denied	Frye
	Klipper vs Liberty Helicopters, Inc.	1/12/2015	Supreme Court of The State of NY - County of NY	Supportive	Cross motions under Frye, DTI evidence permitted	Frye
	Melendez vs Patrick McCrowell, et al	11/30/2015	Supreme Court of The State of NY - County of Rockland	Supportive	Hearing and denial of Defendant's Motion to preclude Dr Lipton	Frye
	Jean-Francois vs The Port; Authority of New York and New Jersey	3/16/2016	New York	Supportive	Supreme Queens; Normative data not in Dr Lipton's control; No showing that normative data needed	Frye
	Betty Casas as Guardian of Luis Casas vs Consolidated Edison	3/24/2017	Supreme Court of The State of NY - County of New York	Supportive	Decision and Order - MIL DTI denied (Dr Lipton)	Frye
	Brouard vs Convey	2/09/2018	Supreme Court of The State of New York - Suffolk County	Unsupportive	DTI precluded	Frye
	Aravindakshan vs Martello	3/15/2018	Supreme Court of The State of NY - County of Nassau	Supportive	DTI admitted (Dr Lipton) and Frye	Frye
	Caramanica vs Rhim	3/23/2018	NY State Supreme Court -NY County	Supportive	Defendant's experts testimony limited	Frye
	Barney-Yeboh vs Metro-North Commuter Railroad	4/08/2018	NY State Supreme Court - NY County	Supportive	Cross motions re: DTI preclusion denied	Frye
	Konstantinov vs MTLR Corp., Mehadrin Dairy Corp., & Joel Daskal	1/02/2019	Civil Court of The City of NY - County of Kings: Part 30	Supportive	Cross motions re: DTI preclusion denied	Frye
	Davis vs U-Haul of Arizona	7/30/2019	NY State Supreme Court - Bronx	Supportive	Motion to preclude DTI (Dr Lipton) denied	Frye
	Reichmann vs Whirlpool Corporation	5/20/2020	USDC – Eastern District of New York - 2:16-CV-05151 - AYS	Supportive	Magistrate judge, Order - Denying Motion for Disclosure	Daubert
	Blake vs New York Central Mutual Fire Ins. Co.	12/3/2021	NY State Supreme Court – Westchester County	Supportive	Cross Motions (Dr Lipton) - Plantiff's motion for general acceptance granted; Defense motion denied	Frye
	Lee vs Troge	2/22/2022	NY State Supreme Court - Duchess	Supportive	Defense Motion to Preclude Dr Lipton Frye hearing; Denied; Wintermark white paper found not to be peer reviewed	Frye
	Tardif vs City of New York	6/17/2022	Southern District NY 13-CV-4056 (KMW)	Supportive	MIL to Preclude DTI denied	Daubert
	Fall vs Greyhound Lines, Inc.	3/9/2023	NY State Supreme Court -NY County	Supportive	Summary judgment on no-fault threshold denied; Lee vs Troge cited over the Brouard decision	Frye
PA	Barbara Rotunda vs Susan Petruska, DMD	4/2013	Court of Common Pleas - Allegheny County	Supportive	DTI, Frye hearing (Dr Wu)	Frye
	Amidon vs Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company	9/2021	USDC – Middle District of PA Civil No. 1:18-CV-02138	Supportive	Daubert - Motion to Preclude DTI testimony and to preclude Dr Benson denied	Daubert
	Malone vs Taylor	5/7/2019	Tennessee Circuit Court; 2019 WL 6456250	Unsupportive	MIL to preclude DTI; DTI excluded	Daubert
	Williams vs Crawford	3/02/2018	TX Court of Appeals, 2018 WL 1124306	Supportive	Opinion affirming the trial court judgment subject to a remittitur unrelated to DTI	Daubert
	Gregg vs Covert	11/2021	USDC – ED TX; 2021 WL 5140799	Supportive	MIL denied except for causation not addressed by expert	Daubert
UT	Andrus vs Fulgham & Standard Plumbing Supply, Inc.	7/17/2006	District Court of the 3rd Judicial District - Salt Lake County	Supportive	MIL DTI denied	Frye
WA	Shannon vs Columbia River Basin Railroad	01/23/2013	USDC – Western District of Washington at Tacoma	Supportive	Order – MIL – reserving on preclusion of DTI witness	Daubert
	Peach vs RLI Insurance Company	5/2019	Superior Court of WA for King County	Supportive	Order - Denying Defendant's Motion to Exclude testimony of Dr Raji	Frye
WI	Lewis vs Wisconsin Bell, Inc., d/b/a AT&T Wisconsin	12/2014	WI Circuit Court – Milwaukee County	Supportive	Order - Hearing MIL to ban Dr Benson (DTI) denied	Daubert
	Hoerth vs Allmerica Financial Benefit Insurance Co	3/2023	WI Circuit Court - Winnebago County	Supportive	Order - Hearing MIL to ban Dr Benson (DTI) denied	Daubert
WY	Wagoner vs Schlumberger Technology Corp	6/20/2008	WY; USDC - WY	Supportive	Order limiting defense neuroradiology witness testimony because he lacked experience with DTI	Daubert

Dates are presented as month/day/year. CA: California; CO: Colorado; CT: Connecticut; DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging; FL: Florida; IL: Illinois; IN: Indiana; IA: Iowa; KY: Kentucky; LA: Louisiana; MA: Massachusetts; MD: Medical doctor; MI: Michigan; MIL: Motion in limine; MN: Minnesota; MT: Montana; N/A: Not applicable; NJ: New Jersey; NM: New Mexico; NY: New York; PA: Pennsylvania; PET: Positron emission tomography; QEEG: Quantitative electroencephalogram; TN: Tennessee; TX: Texas; USDC: United States District Court; UT: Utah; VA: Virginia; WA: Washington; WI: Wisconsin; WY: Wyoming.