Hourglass-like constriction of the anterior interosseous nerve in the left forearm: A case report

Table 1 Review of peripheral nerve disease caused by hourglass-like constriction neuropathy in the last 10 years

Ref.	Gender/age (yr)	Symptoms	Nerve explored	Imaging	Inspection result	Treatment options	Prognosis
Nakagawa et al[2], 2018, Japan	Male/9	Pain in the left arm with severe paralysis when extending the wrist, thumb and fingers	Brachial Plexusin the Posterior Cord	MRI, ultrasound	There is mild diffuse enlargement and high intensity of the left brachial plexus nerve	Surgical nerve exploration, nerve release, neuropathy excision	Strength starts to return 3 wk after the operation; 6 mo after the operation, there is no restriction in daily activities
Kim et al[19], 2019, South Korea	Female/26	Pain in the scapula and difficulty in raising the left arm, relief of pain within 10 d, weakness in the shoulder	Suprascapular nerve	MRN	Multiple hourglass-like contractions were found in the suprascapular nerve with no enlargement or signal constriction	Oral steroids, topical steroid injections	Muscle strength approaches normal levels after 10 mo
Kim et al[19], 2019, South Korea	Male/42	Pain in the scapula and deltoid area, weakness in the left shoulder	Suprascapular nerve	MRN	Focal contraction of the suprascapular nerve	Oral prednisolone, injectable steroids	Back to normal after 15 mo
Kim et al[19], 2019, South Korea	Male/52	Weakness in the left shoulder and drooping of the left wrist	Suprascapular nerve, radial nerve	MRN	Diffuse swelling of the C6 nerve and two focal contractions of the suprascapular nerve	Intravenous steroids	The shoulder joint recovered after 3 mo with no improvement in the muscles innervated by the radial nerve
Kim et al[3], 2020, South Korea	Male/47	Pain in the elbow and back of the forearm, with drooping of the left wrist	Radial nerve	MRN	Focal contraction of the left radial nerve	Oral prednisolone, injectable steroids	No improvement in symptoms after 6 mo
Kim et al[3], 2020, South Korea	Male/19	Drooping left wrist, dorsal sensory deficit of left wrist	Radial nerve	MRN	Focal contraction of left radial nerve at 2	Surgical nerve release	No improvement in symptoms after 6 mo
Krishnan et al[25], 2020, United States	Female/58	Pain in the right shoulder with weakness in abduction	Suprascapular, axillary, phrenic nerves	MRN, ultrasound	Focal contraction at 2 phrenic nerves	Surgical nerve release	6 mo after surgery, symptoms improved
Loizides et al[26], 2015, Austria	Male/26	Radial deviation of the wrist during wrist extension; impaired extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint; impaired extension of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joint; impaired abduction and adduction of the thumb	Radial nerve	Ultrasound	Focal contraction of radial nerve in 3 places	Surgical nerve release	3 mo after the operation, there was a marked improvement in symptoms
Kodama et al[27], 2015, Japan	Male/37		Anterior interosseous nerve	Ultrasound	Focal contraction at 3 anterior interosseous nerves	Surgical nerve release	Significant improvement in symptoms 5 mo after surgery

MRN: Magnetic resonance neurography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.