Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 7 Impact of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on the duration of postoperative hospitalization excluding patients who received transcatheter aortic valve replacement. The result indicated a significant positive effect on the duration of postoperative hospitalization with a pooled mean difference of -1.62 d [95%CI: -2.20-(-1.05)] in cardiac surgery patients (excluding transcatheter aortic valve replacement) receiving preoperative inspiratory muscle training. SD: Standard deviation.