Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 5 Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on length of intensive care unit stay. The result indicated a nonsignificant effect on the length of intensive care unit stay with a pooled mean difference of 0.50 h (95%CI: -0.66 to 1.66) and low heterogeneity (I² = 1) in cardiac surgery patients (excluding transcatheter aortic valve replacement) receiving preoperative inspiratory muscle training. SD: Standard deviation.