Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 4 Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on length of intensive care unit stay. The result indicated a nonsignificant effect on the length of intensive care unit stay with a pooled mean difference of 0.44 h (95%CI: -0.58 to 1.45) and low heterogeneity (I² = 0) in cardiac surgery patients (including transcatheter aortic valve replacement) receiving preoperative inspiratory muscle training. Weight refers to the contribution of each study to the meta-analytic estimate of effect. SD: Standard deviation.