Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 3 Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on mechanical ventilation time. The pooled mean difference of -0.45 h (95%CI: -1.59 to 0.69) and low heterogeneity (I² = 0) showed no statistically significant effect on mechanical ventilation time in patients with preoperative inspiratory muscle training after cardiac surgery. SD: Standard deviation.