Severe/critical COVID-19 early warning system based on machine learning algorithms using novel imaging scores

Table 1 Demographics and clinical features of patients

Variable		Classification	Overall (n = 153)	Common (n = 48)	Severe/critical (n = 105)	P value
Basic information and vital signs	Age, median (IQR)		69 (66, 74)	69.0 (66.0, 74.0)	69.0 (66.0, 76.0)	0.79
Comorbidity	Sex, n (%)	Male	78 (50.980)	19 (39.583)	59 (56.190)	0.057
		Female	75 (49.020)	29 (60.417)	46 (43.810)
	Heart rate, median (IQR)		90 (79, 102)	87.0 (79.0, 98.0)	91.0 (79.0, 104.0)	0.329
	Temperature, median (IQR)		36.7 (36.3, 37.1)	36.7 (36.4, 37.0)	36.7 (36.3, 37.2)	0.576
	Body mass index, mean (SD)		20.290 (9.929)	20.789 (7.825)	20.041 (10.819)	0.715
	Respiratory rate, median (IQR)		21 (20, 24)	20.0 (20.0, 22.0)	22.0 (20.0, 25.0)	P < 0.001
	Blood oxygen saturation, median (IQR)		94 (90, 97)	98.0 (96.0, 99.0)	92.0 (85.0, 95.0)	P < 0.001
	Coronary heart disease, n (%)	No	126 (82.353)	38 (79.167)	88 (83.810)	0.485
		Yes	27 (17.647)	10 (20.833)	17 (16.190)
	Pulmonary disease, n (%)	No	124 (81.046)	37 (77.083)	87 (82.857)	0.398
		Yes	29 (18.954)	11 (22.917)	18 (17.143)
	Diabetes, n (%)	No	99 (64.706)	30 (62.500)	69 (65.714)	0.699
		Yes	54 (35.294)	18 (37.500)	36 (34.286)
Laboratory tests	Platelet, mean (SD)		225.125 (86.792)	215.563 (73.367)	229.538 (91.997)	0.359
	Neutrophil, mean (SD)		5.469 (3.729)	3.821 (1.999)	6.230 (4.080)	P < 0.001
	Lymphocyte, mean (SD)		0.929 (0.418)	1.028 (0.373)	0.883 (0.429)	0.047
	Hemoglobin, mean (SD)		125.151 (17.785)	117.958 (16.285)	128.471 (17.464)	P < 0.001
	Alanine aminotransferase, median (IQR)		24 (15, 40)	16.0 (11.0, 24.0)	27.0 (19.0, 44.0)	P < 0.001
	Aspartate aminotransferase, median (IQR)		29 (21, 42)	21.0 (17.0, 27.0)	36.0 (26.0, 49.0)	P < 0.001
	Albumin, median (IQR)		32.6 (30.1, 35.5)	35.1 (31.5, 38.2)	31.9 (29.6, 34.4)	P < 0.001
	Total bilirubin, median (IQR)		10.0 (7.4, 14.2)	9.5 (6.9, 12.5)	10.7 (8.2, 14.6)	0.066
	Direct bilirubin, median (IQR)		4.4 (3.3, 6.2)	3.7 (3.1, 5.1)	4.9 (3.6, 7.0)	0.005
	Lactate dehydrogenase, median (IQR)		294 (239, 398)	251.0 (224.0, 284.0)	341.0 (266.0, 464.0)	P < 0.001
	Urea, median (IQR)		4.8 (3.6, 6.6)	4.0 (3.2, 5.0)	5.2 (4.0, 7.8)	0.002
	Creatinine, median (IQR)		72 (59, 88)	68.0 (59.0, 80.0)	75.0 (59.0, 91.0)	0.115
	Prothrombin time, median (IQR)		14.2 (13.6, 14.9)	14.1 (13.5, 14.5)	14.3 (13.8, 15.1)	0.019
	Activated partial thromboplastin time, median (IQR)		40.0 (36.0, 44.5)	38.9 (35.6, 42.9)	40.6 (36.3, 45.4)	0.035
	Fibrinogen, mean (SD)		5.208 (1.495)	4.640 (1.236)	5.468 (1.531)	0.001
	D-Dimer, mean (SD)		3.394 (5.451)	1.827 (3.304)	4.125 (6.065)	0.003
	C-Response Protein, mean (SD)		61.199 (66.732)	24.943 (30.023)	77.583 (72.082)	P < 0.001
	calcitoninogen, mean (SD)		0.483 (3.484)	0.047 (0.053)	0.678 (4.177)	0.305
	Ferritin, mean (SD)		956.507 (874.540)	486.000 (328.994)	1170.374 (957.550)	P < 0.001
Cytokines	IL-1, mean (SD)		3.639 (5.076)	2.853 (1.351)	3.996 (6.019)	0.213
	IL-2R, mean (SD)		895.375 (630.955)	621.844 (321.241)	1019.707 (694.756)	P < 0.001
	IL-6, mean (SD)		48.628 (88.255)	13.359 (15.597)	64.691 (101.986)	P < 0.001
	IL-10, mean (SD)		6.464 (8.108)	3.907 (5.734)	7.626 (8.738)	0.003
	IL-8, mean (SD)		22.083 (22.814)	13.900 (15.389)	25.802 (24.600)	0.004
	TNF, mean (SD)		10.424 (8.969)	9.158 (13.597)	11.000 (5.649)	0.256
Scores	IL6/IL10, mean (SD)		9.051 (15.654)	3.848 (3.570)	11.417 (18.241)	P < 0.001
	CURB65, median (IQR)		1 (1, 2)	1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.035
	qSOFA, median (IQR)		1 (0, 1)	0.0 (0.0, 1.0)	1.0 (0.0, 1.0)	P < 0.001