Fractional flow reserve and non-hyperemic indices: Essential tools for percutaneous coronary interventions

Table 1 Coronary hyperemic agents

Agent		Dose	Side effects
Adenosine	Intravenous	140 µg/kg/min IV; > 40 µg RCA; > 80 µg LCA	Transient AV block, chest pain, shortness of breath, hypotension, headache, flushing
	Intracoronary
Regadenoson		400 µg singe bolus central or peripheral IV	Rhythm or conduction abnormalities, rare gastrointestinal side effects, less frequent chest pain and dyspnea
Papaverine		10-12 mg in RCA; 15-20 mg in LCA	Abdominal symptoms, headache, flushing of face, increase in heart rate, QTc prolongation, ventricular tachyarrhythmias

AV bloc: Atrioventricular block; IV: Intravenous; RCA: Right coronary artery; LCA: Left coronary artery. Table 1 summarizes the hyperemic agents used for fractional flow reserve measurements and gives the dose and potential side effects of each agent. One has to choose in function of the clinical parameters of the patient.