Role of natural products and intestinal flora on type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment

Table 1 Effects of short chain fatty acids on intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis and function

Effects of SCFAs
Energy substrate for ATP production
Receptor activation, mainly G protein coupled receptors
Maintaining barrier function and integrity
Modulation of immunity and control of inflammation, Treg differentiation, modulation of inflammation mediators
Modulation of intracellular permeability
Epigenetic effects by inhibition of histone deacetylases, hyperacetylation of histones and modulation of gene expression

ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; Treg: Regulatory T cell; SCFAs: Short chain fatty acids.