Acute kidney injury in traumatic brain injury intensive care unit patients

Table 3 Patient characteristics by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes stage

Characteristics	Stage 1 (n = 200)	Stage 2 (n = 53)	Stage 3 (n = 38)	P value
Ethnicity				0.512
White	141 (70.5)	39 (73.6)	29 (76.3)
Hispanic/Latino	1 (0.5)	0	0
African American	5 (2.5)	3 (5.7)	1 (2.6)
Asian	1 (0.5)	0	0
Other/unknown	52 (26.0)	11 (20.8)	8 (21.1)
Age (yr)	53.4 ± 23.1	64.6 ± 20.4	55.8 ± 23.9	0.001
Sex				< 0.001
Female	42 (21.0)	23 (43.4)	12 (31.6)
Male	158 (79.0)	30 (56.6)	26 (68.4)
Elixhauser score	8.2 ± 12.5	8.9 ± 9.9	11.1 ± 12.9	< 0.001
SAPS II	35.1 ± 16.0	39.2 ± 12.8	40.6 ± 18.1	< 0.001
SOFA	4.6 ± 2.9	4.6 ± 2.9	6.3 ± 4.0	< 0.001
GCS	12.9 ± 3.3	12.9 ± 3.2	12.7 ± 3.8	0.582
Craniotomy	28 (14.0)	7 (13.2)	7 (18.4)	0.025
Max creatinine (µmol/L)	1.49 ± 0.44	1.70 ± 1.03	2.81 ± 1.54	< 0.001
Creatinine at admission (µmol/L)	1.24 ± 0.34	1.22 ± 0.57	1.67 ± 1.14	< 0.001
Use of antiplatelet drugs	94 (9.8)	20 (13.2)	10 (13.0)	0.890
Use of anticoagulant	21 (2.2)	8 (5.3)	5 (6.49)	0.281
Use of vancomycin	74 (37.0)	14 (26.4)	10 (26.32)	< 0.001
Use of ARB/ACE-I	9 (4.5)	5 (9.4)	1 (2.63)	0.443
Use of aminoglycosides	14 (7.0)	5 (9.4)	4 (10.53)	0.040
Transfusion (mL)	537 ± 1081	500 ± 1210	1412 ± 4613	< 0.001
Red blood cell (mL)	291 ± 692	274 ± 920	974 ± 3451	< 0.001
Plasma (mL)	231 ± 666	213 ± 606	400 ± 1133	0.010
Shock	460 (26.9)	356 (26.2)	104 (35.74)	0.004
UO (mL)	0.70 ± 0.80	0.62 ± 0.47	0.53 ± 0.58	0.080

Data are shown as n (%) or mean ± SD. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. KDIGO: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes; PSM: Propensity score matching; AKI: Acute kidney injury; SAPS II: Simplified acute physiology score; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; Scr: Serum creatinine; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; ACE-I: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; UO: Urine output.