Acute kidney injury in traumatic brain injury intensive care unit patients

Table 2 Patient characteristics by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes stage before propensity score matching

Characteristics	Total patients (n = 1648)	Non-AKI (n = 1357)	AKI (n = 291)	P value
Ethnicity				0.070
White	1220 (74.0)	1011 (74.5)	209 (71.8)
Hispanic/Latino	20 (1.2)	19 (1.4)	1 (0.3)
African American	55 (3.3)	46 (3.4)	9 (3.1)
Asian	23 (1.4)	22 (1.6)	1 (0.3)
Other/unknown	330 (20.0)	259 (18.8)	71 (28.4)
Age (yr)	58.5 ± 22.5	59.0 ± 22.4	55.8 ± 22.1	0.025
Sex				0.001
Female	603 (36.6)	526 (38.8)	77 (26.5)
Male	1045 (63.4)	831 (61.2)	214 (73.5)
Elixhauser score	6.4 ± 10.2	5.9 ± 9.6	8.7 ± 12.1	< 0.001
SAPS II	31.9 ± 13.0	30.9 ± 12.0	36.6 ± 15.9	< 0.001
SOFA	3.3 ± 2.5	2.9 ± 2.2	4.8 ± 3.1	< 0.001
GCS	13.1 ± 2.9	13.1 ± 2.8	12.9 ± 3.3	0.096
Craniotomy	344 (20.9)	302 (22.3)	42 (14.4)	0.020
Peak SCr (µmol/L)	1.09 ± 0.53	0.96 ± 0.27	1.70 ± 0.90	< 0.001
SCr at admission (µmol/L)	0.95 ± 0.36	0.88 ± 0.23	1.29 ± 0.57	< 0.001
Use of antiplatelet drugs	138 (8.4)	114 (8.4)	24 (8.3)	0.932
Use of anticoagulants	31 (1.9)	23 (1.7)	8 (2.8)	0.235
Use of vancomycin	408 (24.8)	310 (22.8)	98 (33.7)	< 0.001
Use of ARB/ACE-I	84 (5.1)	69 (5.1)	15 (5.2)	0.961
Use of aminoglycosides	80 (4.9)	57 (4.2)	23 (7.9)	0.008
Transfusion (mL)	309 ± 1082	237 ± 752	645 ± 1967	0.001
Red blood cell (mL)	141 ± 710	93 ± 398	377 ± 1433	0.001
Plasma (mL)	158 ± 596	138 ± 560	250 ± 733	0.004
Shock	460 (27.9)	356 (26.2)	104 (35.7)	< 0.001
UO (mL)	0.80 ± 1.06	0.83 ± 1.12	0.67 ± 0.73	0.016

Data are shown as n (%) or mean ± SD. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. KDIGO: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes; PSM: Propensity score matching; AKI: Acute kidney injury; SAPS II: Simplified acute physiology score; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; Scr: Serum creatinine; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; ACE-I: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; UO: Urine output.