Acute kidney injury in traumatic brain injury intensive care unit patients

Table 1 Patient characteristics according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria (propensity score matching)

Characteristics	Total patients (n = 582)	Non-AKI (n = 291)	AKI (n = 291)	P value
Ethnicity				0.195
White	415 (71.3)	206 (70.8)	209 (71.8)
Hispanic/Latino	8 (1.4)	7 (2.4)	1 (0.3)
African American	22 (3.8)	13 (4.5)	9 (3.1)
Asian	3 (0.5)	2 (0.7)	1 (0.3)
Other/unknown	134 (23.0)	63 (21.7)	71 (24.4)
Age (yr)	55.3 ± 23.9	54.7 ± 24.7	55.8 ± 23.1	0.595
Sex				0.925
Female	152 (26.1)	75 (25.8)	77 (26.5)
Male	430 (73.9)	216 (74.2)	214 (73.5)
Elixhauser score	8.1 ± 11.5	7.4 ± 10.9	8.7 ± 12.1	0.187
SAPS II	34.8 ± 14.8	33.1 ± 13.4	36.6 ± 15.9	0.004
SOFA	4.4 ± 2.9	4.0 ± 2.7	4.8 ± 3.1	0.001
GCS	12.8 ± 3.2	12.8 ± 3.2	12.9 ± 3.3	0.778
Craniotomy	84 (14.4)	42 (14.4)	42 (14.4)	> 0.99
Peak SCr (µmol/L)	1.46 ± 0.72	1.22 ± 0.34	1.70 ± 0.90	< 0.001
SCr at admission (µmol/L)	1.19 ± 0.46	1.08 ± 0.27	1.29 ± 0.57	< 0.001
Use of antiplatelet drugs	40 (6.87)	16 (5.50)	24 (8.25)	0.251
Use of anticoagulants	13 (2.2)	5 (1.7)	8 (2.8)	0.575
Use of vancomycin	178 (30.6)	80 (27.5)	98 (33.7)	0.126
Use of ARB/ACE-I	34 (5.8)	19 (6.5)	15 (5.2)	0.596
Use of aminoglycosides	39 (6.7)	16 (5.5)	23 (7.9)	0.320
Transfusion (mL)	553 ± 1589	400 ± 1077	645 ± 1967	0.063
Red blood cell (mL)	276 ± 1109	174 ± 623	377 ± 1433	0.027
Plasma (mL)	232 ± 690	214 ± 646	250 ± 733	0.526
Shock	177 (30.4)	73 (25.1)	104 (35.7)	0.007
UO (mL)	0.68 ± 0.60	0.70 ± 0.44	0.67 ± 0.73	0.468

Data are shown as n (%) or mean ± SD. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. KDIGO: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes; PSM: Propensity score matching; AKI: Acute kidney injury; SAPS II: Simplified acute physiology score; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; Scr: Serum creatinine; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; ACE-I: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; UO: Urine output.