Management of procedural pain in the intensive care unit

Table 4 The management of pain caused by the natural cavity percutaneous catheterization and extubation

Operational type	Ref.	Drugs/physical method	Advantages	Disadvantages
Tracheotomy	Chang[39], 2017	Remifentanil and lidocaine combined with propofol	Can result in a shorter recovery time and more pain tolerable after recovery	Inhibition of heart and breathing
	Dong et al[38], 2011	Monitored anesthesia care	Give patients a higher level of comfort, no memory for tracheotomy and the hemodynamics is more stable	Intravenous administration to patients with difficulty in ventilation or intubation should be cautious
Extraction of chest tube	Puntillo and Ley[40], 2004	Morphine and ketorolac	Alleviate pain	Morphine may cause sedation
	Singh and Gopinath[42], 2005	Valdecoxib	Can alleviate pain safely and effectively	Can't completely alleviate pain
	Gorji et al[43], 2014	Ice packs	Effectively alleviate pain	Not mentioned