Management of procedural pain in the intensive care unit

Table 3 The management of pain caused by the natural cavity noninvasive catheterization

Operational type	Ref.	Drugs	Advantages	Disadvantages
Fiberbronchoscopy	Chalumeau-Lemoine et al[26], 2013	Remifentanil	Shorten the operational time, reduce discomfort, and have better antitussive effect	May cause respiratory arrest
	Gupta et al[28], 2014	2% lignocaine and viscous lignocaine gargles	Effectively relieve pain and provide comfort	Not mentioned
	Kundra et al[27], 2000	Translaryngeal block, bilateral superior laryngeal nerve block and three 4% lignocaine-soaked cotton swabs in the nose (CRB group)	Provided better patient comfort and haemodynamic stability	Not mentioned
Nasogastric tube intubation	Cullen et al[33], 2004	Nebulized lidocaine	Can significantly alleviate pain	Can cause complications such as nosebleeds
	Ducharme and Matheson[32], 2003	2% lidocaine gel	Effectively alleviate pain and is easy to use	Not mentioned
	Wolfe et al[31], 2000	4% Nebulized lidocaine	Significantly alleviate pain	Not mentioned
	Singer and Konia[30], 1999	Lidocaine, tetracaine	Alleviate pain	Adverse events such as vomiting and nosebleeds
Urethral catheterization	Chung et al[35], 2007	Lidocaine gel	Alleviate pain	Not mentioned
	Siderias et al[34], 2004	Lidocaine gel	Alleviate pain	Not mentioned

CRB: Combined regional block.