Antegrade in situ laser fenestration of aortic stent graft during endovascular aortic repair: A case report

Table 1 Summary of published antegrade in situ fenestration animal and benchtop studies

Ref.	Year	Model	Fenestration device	Guidance/landmarks of visceral arteries	Stent graft	Technical success rate1	Experimental results
Tse et al[6]	2007	Canine	Needle	(1) Intravascular ultrasound; and (2) Preliminary stenting of all visceral arteries	Endurant	(1) 0/2; and (2) 2/2	(1) The experiment was terminated; and (2) At the 1-mo follow-up, both renal arteries were patent. Stent fractures were observed bilaterally
Riga et al[7]	2009	Porcine	Needle	On a fixed fluoroscopic projection, the position of these target vessels was marked on the fluoroscopy screen	Valiant	2/2	There were no immediate complications. Both renal arteries were patent
Tse et al[8]	2010	Canine	Radiofrequency	Target vessels were marked with detachable coils or with hydrophilic catheters	Zenith	2/3	Thrombosis was seen in one stent during 1 mo of follow-up, while the other fenestrated artery remained patent
Saari et al[9]	2012	Porcine	Needle	Target vessels were marked with balloon catheters	Endurant, Talent	2/6	In one pig, the kidney showed clear signs of ischemic injury when autopsied
Ruthrauff et al[10]	2015	Benchtop	Radiofrequency	NA	Zenith, Endurant	8/8	NA
Piazza et al[11]	2017	Benchtop	Laser	A guiding catheter with EM sensor	NA	NA	NA
Condino et al[12]	2020	Benchtop	Laser	Simultaneous EM-guided navigation of guidewires and catheters	Zenith	22/22	NA

¹Number of successful fenestrations/number of target vessels.

NA: Not applicable; EM: Electromagnetic.