Sintilimab-induced autoimmune diabetes: A case report and review of the literature

Table 4 Characteristics of patients with diabetes induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors

Reported cases	n (%)
Tumor types
Melanoma	13/36 (36.1)
NSCLC	8/36 (22.2)
Renal cell carcinoma	2/36 (5.6)
Squamous cell carcinoma	3/36 (8.3)
Other cancers	10/36 (27.8)
ICBs
Anti PD-1	19/ 36 (52.7)
Nivolumab	12
Pembrolizumab	6
Sintilimab	1
Anti PD-L1	8/ 36 (22.2)
Avelumab	2
Atezolizumab	5
Durvalumab	1
Anti PD-1+CTLA-4	9/ 36 (25.0)
Nivolumab + ipilimumab	8
Pembrolizumab + ipilimumab	1
Demographic data
Sex (F/M)	16/20
Average age (yr)	58.8
Time of diagnosis after start of (w)	14.6
Presentation
DKA	29/36 (80.6)
Hyperglycemia Ketonuria	8/36 (22.2)
HbA1c, % (avg)	7.8 26/36
Relevant history
T2DM	3/36 (8.3)
Hypothyroidism	2/36 (5)
Family history of T1DM	2/36 (5)
None	29/36 (80.5)
Antibodies
GAD+	18/36 (50)
IA-2+	4/36 (10)
ZnT8+	2/36 (5)
Negative	12/36 (33.3)

NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; GAD: Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody.