Hoffa's fracture in a five-year-old child diagnosed and treated with the assistance of arthroscopy: A case report

Table 1 Review of the literature on Hoffa’s fracture in the pediatric population

No.	Ref.	Sex	Age (yr)	Injury	Diagnostic tool	Location of fracture	Approach	Outcome
1	Agrawal et al[8], 2021	M	18	Road side accident	X-ray, CT	Conjoint	Medial parapetallar approach, with 2 (6.5 mm) PTCS in 1 condyle and one 6.5 and 4.5 mm PTCS in another condyle	0°-130° ROM
2	Kondreddi et al[9], 2014	-	17	Road traffic accident	X-ray		Lateral parapatellar arthrotomy, with four 4-mm cancellous screws (2 for each condyle) introduced antero-posteriorly through the non-articular surface, in a di-rection perpendicular to the fracture line	120° ROM
3	Julfiqar et al[20], 2019	M	12	Fall from height when his left knee was in the flexed position	X-ray		Open reduction and intraepiphyseal internal fixation using a 4.5 mm cannulated cancellous screw	0°-120° ROM
4	Chaudhary et al[12], 2020	M	11	Fall from a tree	X-ray		Open reduction and internal fixation using the Swashbuckler approach, lag screw technique with two 4 mm cancellous screws placed antero-posteriorly in the lateral condyle and one antero-posterior 4 mm cancellous screw and one Herbert screw placed postero-anteriorly in the medial condyle	0°-120° ROM
5	Lal et al[15], 2011	-	9	Fall from height	X-ray		Arthroscopy assisted internal fixation, with 4.5-mm cannulated cancellous screws, inserted from anterior to posterior just distal to the femoral physis	Cure
6	Harna et al[22], 2017	M	7	Hit by a speeding motor vehicle	CT		Swashbuckler approach, with 2.9 mm Herbert screws for compression	0°-130° ROM
7	Kumar et al[13], 2001	F	17	Fall from ladder	X-ray	Lateral femoral condyle	Reduction and fixation with two antero-posterior lag screws	Full ROM
8	Flanagin et al[10], 2011	M	14	Wrestling	Arthroscopy		Headless compression screws	Full ROM
9	Potini et al[14], 2015	M	14	Direct blow over knee	X-ray		Open reduction and rigid fixation with countersunk interfragmentary screws	5°–110° ROM
10	Tripathy et al[19], 2013	M	12	Fall while playing	CT		Open reduction and fixation with two partially threaded cancellous lag screws	Cure
11	Ashraf[16], 2019	M	12	Motor vehicle accident	X-ray, CT		Evaluation of the cruciateligaments and antero-posterior stability with arthroscopy, open reduction and internal fixation using two cannulated screws	Full ROM
12	McDonough et al[11], 2000	M	8	Road traffic accident	X-ray		Open reduction and internal fixation using two partially threaded cancellous lag screws	Full ROM
13	Jiang et al[2], 2022	F	16	Knee injury in a sprint race	X-ray, CT	Medial femoral condyle	Open reduction and fixation using three 3.5 mm partially threaded cancellous screws	0°-135° ROM
14	AlKhalife et al[3], 2018	M	12	Object dropped	CT		Open reduction and internal fixation through a medial parapatellar approach with the aid of a bone clamp and two 4.0 mm partially threaded cancellous screws, the screw heads placed through the articular cartilage were countersunk	15°–130° ROM
15	Bali et al[7], 2011	M	12	Traffic accident	CT		Open reduction and internal fixation with two large-fragment cannulated screws, which were buried under the articular surface of the knee	Cure
16	Ranjan et al[6], 2021	F	6	Fall	CT		Open reduction and fixation through the medial approach with two 4.5 mm partially threaded cannulated cancellous screws	0°–110° ROM
17	Current Study, 2022	M	5	Hit by object	Arthroscopy		Open reduction and internal fixation through the medial parapatellar approach, using two 3.0 mm partially threaded cancellous screws	Full ROM

CT: Computed tomography; PTCS: Partially threaded cannulated cancellous screws; ROM: Range of motion.