Evaluation of gut dysbiosis using serum and fecal bile acid profiles

Table 2 Studies using the bile acid calculated product/(product+substrate) ratio

Ref.	Subjects	Samples	Major findings
Murakami et al[24], 2018	6 with CD, 6 with UC and 26 HCs	Serum feces	DCA/(DCA+CA)↓; LCA/(LCA+CDCA)↓
Monma et al[25], 2022	12 with CDI, 59 without CDI and 46HCs	Serum	DCA/(DCA+CA)↓; LCA/(LCA+CDCA)→
Ushiroda et al[41], 2019	High-fat diet-fed mice	Serum	DCA/(DCA+CA)↑; LCA/(LCA+CDCA)→
Yasukawa et al[42], 2019	Healthy volunteers; Effects of Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG)	Plasma	DCA/(DCA+CA)↓; LCA/(LCA+CDCA)→
Kasai et al[43], 2022	NAFLD (MF, AF) and 26 HCs	Feces	DCA/(DCA+CA)→; LCA/(LCA+CDCA)→
Misawa et al[44], 2020	Elobixibat treatment	Feces	DCA/(DCA+CA)→; LCA/(LCA+CDCA)→

BA: Bile acid; CD: Crohn's disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CDI: Clostridium difficile infection; HCs: Healthy controls; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; CA: Cholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; MF: Mild fibrosis; AF: Advanced fibrosis.