Predictors of bowel damage in the long-term progression of Crohn’s disease

Table 3 Demographics and Crohn’s disease characteristics associated with the Lémann index progression, n (%)

	LI progression, n = 38	No LI progression, n = 34	P value
Sex			0.352
Male	18 (60.0)	12 (40.0)
Female	20 (47.6)	22 (52.4)
Age at diagnosis in yr			0.961
< 16	4 (50.0)	4 (50.0)
17-40	30 (52.6)	27 (47.4)
> 40	4 (57.1)	3 (42.9)
Age at baseline, mean (SD)	25.17 (± 10.4)	27.61 (± 10.3)	0.323
CD location at baseline			0.091
Terminal ileum	17 (66.6)	9 (33.3)
Colon	2 (25.0)	6 (75.0)
Ileocolic	18 (48.7)	19 (51.3)
CD upper tract involvement			0.677
Yes	4 (66.7)	2 (33.3)
No	34 (51.5)	32 (48.5)
CD phenotype at baseline			0.001
Inflammatory	7 (23.3)	23 (76.7)
Stricturing	12 (80.0)	3 (20.0)
Penetrating	10 (71.4)	4 (28.6)
Stricturing and penetrating	9 (69.2)	4 (30.8)
Current or past history of perianal disease at baseline			0.151
Yes	10 (71.4)	4 (28.6)
No	28 (48.3)	30 (51.7)
Disease duration at inclusion, mean (SD)	10.36 (± 8.4)	5.54 (± 4.8)	0.001
Disease duration at inclusion in yr			0.001
< 2	8 (38.1)	13 (61.9)
2-10	14 (45.2)	17 (54.8)
>10	16 (80.0)	4 (20.0)
Smoking status			0.342
Never smoker	15 (53.6)	13 (46.4)
Current smoker	14 (45.2)	17 (54.8)
Past smoker	9 (69.2)	4 (30.8)
Family history			0.541
Yes	2 (40.0)	3 (60.0)
No	35 (53.0)	31 (47.0)
Immunosuppressant treatment between intervals			0.741
Yes	35 (52.2)	32 (47.8)
No	3 (40.0)	2 (60.0)
Biological naïve at baseline			0.143
Yes	21 (45.7)	25 (54.3)
No	17 (65.4)	9 (34.6)
Biological treatment between intervals			0.591
Yes	34 (54.0)	29 (46.0)
No	4 (44.4)	5 (55.6)
Biological treatment between intervals	21 (47.7)	23 (52.3)	0.443
TNF-α inhibitors	8 (61.5)	5 (38.5)
TNF-α inhibitors and ustekinumab	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)
TNF-α inhibitors and vedolizumab	2 (100.0)	0 (0)
TNF-α inhibitors, vedolizumab and ustekinumab	1 (100.0)	0 (0)
Previous surgery at inclusion			0.192
Yes	14 (66.7)	7 (33.3)
No	24 (47.1)	27 (52.9)
Autologous stem-cell transplantation between intervals			0.602
Yes	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)
No	36 (52.2)	33 (47.8)
Surgery between intervals			0.001
Yes	23 (95.8)	1 (4.2)
No	15 (31.3)	33 (68.8)
Baseline LI score evaluation, mean (SD)
Total LI score	5.60 (± 4.40)	5.90 (± 10.10)	0.860
Upper tract score	0.05 (± 0.30)	0	0.211
Small bowel score	2.16 (± 1.60)	1.37 (± 1.60)	0.040
Colon/rectum score	2.98 (± 3.00)	3.42 (± 4.80)	0.652
Anus score	0.51 (± 1.90)	1.13 (± 6.00)	0.542
Stricturing score	1.43 (± 1.60)	0.78 (± 1.00)	0.045
Fistulizing score	1.69 (± 2.50)	2.23 (± 2.30)	0.341
Surgical score	2.54 (± 3.40)	2.92 (± 9.30)	0.823
CRP at baseline, mean (SD)	2.93 (± 4.70)	2.84 (± 3.60)	0.921
CRP at baseline			0.692
Normal: < 1 mg/L	15 (50.0)	15 (50.0)
Elevated: ≥ 1 mg/L	23 (54.8)	19 (45.2)
CDAI, mean (SD)	199.69 (± 94.9)	189.19 (± 97.8)	0.673
Clinical activity at baseline according to CDAI score			0.610
Active disease	28 (54.9)	23 (45.1)
Clinical remission	10 (47.6)	11 (52.4)
CDEIS activity at baseline, mean (SD)	6.2 (5.4)	9.44 (1.3)	0.052
CDEIS activity at baseline			0.190
< 3.5	12 (60.0)	8 (20.0)
3.5-7.0	11 (61.1)	7 (38.9)
> 7.0	11(37.9)	18 (62.1)

CRP: C-reactive protein; CD: Crohn’s disease; CDAI: Crohn’s disease Activity Index; CDEIS: Crohn’s disease Endoscopic Index of Severity; LI: Lémann index; SD: Standard deviation; TNF; Tumor necrosis factor.