Development and validation of novel nomograms to predict survival of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Table 1 Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Variables	Training cohort (n = 3454)	Validation cohort (n = 203)
	Cases (%)	Cases (%)
Age1(yr)
< 50	685 (19.8)	42 (20.7)
≥ 50, < 60	1049 (30.4)	65 (32.0)
≥ 60, < 70	976 (28.3)	54 (26.6)
≥ 70	744 (21.5)	42 (20.7)
Sex
Male	2218 (64.2)	121(59.6)
Female	1236 (35.8)	82 (40.4)
Marital status
Married	2098 (60.7)	179 (88.2)
Unmarried2	1356 (39.3)	24 (11.8)
Race
White	2978 (86.2)	0
Black	175 (5.1)	0
Other3	301 (8.7)	203 (100)
Site
Anterior 2/3 of tongue4	2577 (74.6)	167 (82.3)
Base of tongue	877 (25.4)	36 (17.7)
T stage
T1	1720 (49.8)	88 (43.3)
T2	1095 (31.7)	98 (48.3)
T3	348 (10.1)	12 (5.9)
T4	291 (8.4)	5 (2.5)
N stage
N0	1920 (55.6)	133 (65.5)
N1	513 (14.9)	24 (11.8)
N2	973 (28.2)	45 (22.2)
N3	48 (1.4)	1 (0.5)
TNM stage
I	1237 (35.8)	65 (32.0)
II	516 (14.9)	59 (29.1)
III	565 (16.4)	31 (15.3)
IV	1136 (32.9)	48 (23.6)
Pathology grade
Well differentiated	722 (20.9)	141 (69.5)
Moderately differentiated	1787 (51.7)	56 (27.6)
Poorly differentiated	945 (27.4)	6 (3.0)
Neck dissection
No	963 (27.9)	9 (4.4)
Yes	2491 (72.1)	194 (95.6)
Radiation
No radiation	1701 (49.2)	107 (52.7)
Radiation prior to surgery	43 (1.2)	4 (2.0)
Radiation after surgery	1698 (49.2)	73 (36.0)
Radiation before and after surgery	12 (0.3)	19 (9.4)

¹Age at diagnosis.

²Unmarried, including divorced, separated, sigle, and widowed.

³Other, including American Indian/AK Native and Asian/Pacific Islander.

⁴Anterior 2/3 of the tongue refers to all parts of the tongue except for the base of the tongue and includes the border, ventral surface, dorsal surface, and overlapping lesions of the tongue.

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; OS: Overall survival; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.