Anemia in cirrhosis: An underestimated entity

Table 1 Etiopathogenesis and prevalence of anemia in cirrhosis

Type of anemia	Etiology	Prevalence (%)	Ref.
Normocytic	Anemia of chronic disease	40-51.4	Singh et al[7], Özatli et al[56]
Microcytic	Acute blood loss (variceal hemorrhage)	5-15/yr; Increasing risk with severity of liver dysfunction and red wale marks on varices	Singh et al[7], European Association for the Study of the Liver[45]
	Portal hypertensive gastropathy	20-80	Gkamprela et al[37]
	Gastric antral vascular ectasia	4	Selinger and Ang[57]
	Peptic ulcer	35-53	Singh et al[7], Loperfido et al[58]
	Hemolytic anemia in patients on interferon and ribavirin	9-13	Gonzalez-Casas et al[3]
	Hemolytic anemia due to hypersplenism	24	Özatli et al[56]
Macrocytic anemia	Folic acid (Vit B9) deficiency	44	Herbert et al[59]
	Vit B12 (cyanocobalamin) deficiency	31.8 in PBC; 43 in NAFLD	Singh et al[7], Sharma and Jahnavi[60], Shizuma[61]

Vit: Vitamin; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.