Perioperative anesthesia management in pediatric liver transplant recipient with atrial septal defect: A case report

Figure 2 Agitated-saline contrast echocardiography (preoperative images). Right heart filled well after vibrated normal saline (3 mL) injection of cubital vein. In resting state, few left heart air bubbles formed during third cardiac cycle; whereas many more (> 35 per frame) arose during fifth cardiac cycle, ostensibly from left and right upper pulmonary veins. Valsalva maneuver during third cardiac cycle also triggered a flurry of left heart bubbles (> 35/frame). These findings suggest atrial-level right-left shunting, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula not excluded.