Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for decompensated liver cirrhosis

Table 1 Participant characteristics

	Derivation cohort (n = 329)	Internal validation cohort (n = 164)	P
Age (yr), mean ± SD	53.76 ± 11.64	57.38 ± 11.89	0.001a
Male sex, n (%)	253 (76.90)	116 (70.70)	0.137
Hospitalization period (d), mean ± SD	8.40 ± 5.88	9.49 ± 4.69	0.026a
Liver cirrhosis etiology, n (%)
HBV	220 (66.90)	96 (58.50)	0.07
HCV	13 (3.95)	6 (3.66)	0.87
Alcoholic liver disease	52 (15.80)	30 (18.29)	0.49
Schistosomiasis cirrhosis	14 (4.25)	8 (4.88)	0.75
Primary biliary cirrhosis	3 (0.90)	5 (3.05)	0.08
Cryptogenic cirrhosis	27 (8.21)	18 (11.00)	0.31
Hospitalization reason, n (%)
Variceal bleeding	150 (45.60)	76 (46.34)	0.875
Hepatic encephalopathy	86 (26.14)	43 (26.22)	0.985
Infection	45 (13.68)	21 (12.80)	0.789
Ascites	28 (8.50)	13 (7.93)	0.825
Hepatorenal syndrome	20 (6.08)	11 (6.71)	0.787
Vasopressors	88 (26.75)	79 (48.17)	< 0.001a
HBeAg (+)	35 (10.64)	15 (9.15)	0.605
Mechanical ventilation	18 (5.47)	36 (21.95)	< 0.001a
Biochemical parameters
ALT, IU/L	22.00 (16.00-40.75)	29.00 (20.00-52.50)	< 0.001a
AST, IU/L	44.00 (31.00-90.50)	39.00 (28.00-74.00)	0.085
GGT, IU/L	27.00 (15.00-74.50)	29.00 (14.00-79.50)	0.982
ALP, IU/L	73.70 (55.00-112.00)	82.50 (56.25-138.75)	0.037a
Serum sodium, mmol/L	138.10 (135.00-141.00)	137.85 (134.03-140.98)	0.329
Creatinine, μmol/L	72.70 (59.35-93.20)	79.70 (63.55-115.00)	0.006a
INR	1.32 (1.21-1.54)	1.45 (1.24-1.74)	< 0.001a
Bilirubin, μmol/L	24.70 (15.80-42.80)	26.85 (16.03-58.25)	0.157
WBC, 10 × 9/L	6.39 (3.94-9.61)	6.81 (4.11-11.13)	0.11
Platelet, 10 × 9/L	74.50 (47.50-111.50)	73.80 (39.00-109.50)	0.245
PT, s	15.00 (13.80-17.20)	15.90 (13.40-19.20)	0.086
MAP, mmHg	83.00 (77.67-89.33)	82.17 (78.00-87.67)	0.472
PO2/FiO2	402.86 ± 118.57	388.28 ± 137.36	0.266
Albumin, g/L	28.41 ± 7.87	27.64 ± 6.18	0.256
CTP score	8 (7-10)	9 (7-11)	0.001a
MELD score	9.44 (5.96-13.52)	12.20 (7.77-16.67)	< 0.001a
Mortality, n (%)
28 d	41 (12.46)	47 (28.66)	< 0.001a
3 mo	65 (19.76)	69 (42.07)	< 0.001a
6 mo	75 (22.80)	73 (44.51)	< 0.001a

^aSignificant P value.

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis B virus; HBeAg: Hepatitis Be antigen; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; INR: International normalized ratio; WBC: White blood cell; PT: Prothrombin time; MAP: Mean arterial blood pressure; PO₂/FiO₂: Arterial oxygen partial pressure/inhaled oxygen concentration; CTP score: Child-Turcotte-Pugh score; MELD score: Model for end-stage liver disease score.