Review of the pharmacological effects of astragaloside IV and its autophagic mechanism in association with inflammation

Table 1 Protective effect of astragaloside IV on cardiovascular disease

Disease categories	Study object/model	Effect induced by autophagy	Mechanism (targets or pathways)	Ref.
Myocardial I/R injury	H2O2 in cardiomyocytes; LAD in mice	(-) Myocardial I/R injury via (-) I/R-caused autophagosome accumulation	(+) SOD2, (-) O2	Huang et al[21]
Myocardial injury	Doxorubicin in rats	(-) The heart damage of rats via (-) autophagy	(+) PI3K/Akt pathway	Luo et al[24]
Cardiac dysfunction	LPS in rats	(-) Cardiac dysfunction, reduce heart injury, (-) autophagy	(+) Calcium- and mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins	Wang et al[19]
Myocardial hypertrophy	The abdominal aorta narrow in rats; mechanically stretching cardiomyocytes	(+) Cardiac function, cardiomyocyte morphology; (+) Autophagy	(+) LC3 II expression, (-) p62 levels	Zhang et al[20]
Myocardial infarction	H/R injured H9C2 cells	(-) The H/R injury induced apoptosis and autophagy	(-) Autophagy related genes (Beclin 1 and LC3 II); the interactions between Bcl-2 and Beclin-1 enhanced by GATA	Yang et al[22]
Acute ischaemic heart disease	High glucose in rat cardiomyocytes H9C2	(-) Cardiomyocyte injury, (-) HG-induced oxidative stress and autophagy	Pathways [miR-34a/Bcl2/(LC3 II/LC3 I) and pAKT/Bcl2/(LC3 II/LC3 I)]	Zhu et al[23]
Atherosclerosis	High-fat diet in ApoE-/-mice; β-glycerophosphate in human VSMCs	(-) Autophagy and mineralization of VSMCs in atherosclerosis	(-) DUSP5 and autophagy-related proteins; (+) H19, p-ERK1/2 and p-mTOR	Song et al[59]
Mitochondrial dysfunction	Ang II in rat aortic VSMCs	(-) Ang II-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in rat VSMCs via (+) mitochondrial autophagy	(-) OCRs, ATP and mtDNA, the disruption of mitochondrial structural integrity	Lu et al[58]

LAD: Left anterior descending; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; LC: Lung cancer; H/R: Hypoxia/reoxygenation; HG: High glucose; H9C2: A subclone of the original clonal cell line which exhibits many of the properties of skeletal muscle; VSMC: Vascular smooth muscle cell; OCR: Oxygen consumption rate.