Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-atrial-specific cardiomyocytes and atrial fibrillation

Figure 1 Progression in atrial fibrillation mechanisms over time. A: Local ectopic focus; B: Single circuit re-entry; C: Multiple circuit re-entry. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is mostly underpinned by local triggers, particularly from pulmonary veins. Re-entry substrates (first functional, then structural) prevail as AF becomes more persistent and, finally, permanent.