Spontaneous acute epidural hematoma secondary to skull and dural metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report

Table 1 Summary of patients with spontaneous acute epidural hematoma caused by metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in the literature

Ref.	Age	Gender	Country	Metastases location	Close to the sinusor MMA	Osteolytic change	Clinical manifestations	Cerebral hernia	Previous diagnosed HCC	Coagulopathy	Outcome
Kim et al[2], 2016	41	M	South Korea	Left parieto-occipital region	Y	Y	Headache, vomiting, drowsiness	N	Y	N	Died of liver failure, 4 mo later
McIver et al[5], 2001	50	M	United States	Left parietal region	N	Y	Headache, right- sided weakness	N	N	NA	Survive
Hayashi et al[6], 2000	70	M	Japan	Right parietal bone	N	Y	Headache, left-sided weakness	N	Y	Y	Died of liver failure and pneumonia 2 mo later
Kanai et al[7], 2008	56	M	Japan	Left parieto-occipital region	Y	Y	Headache, deteriorating consciousness	Y	N	N	Died of liver failure 3 wk later
Nakagawa et al[8], 1992	52	M	Japan	Occipital area	Y	Y	Headache, deteriorating consciousness	Y	N	NA	Died of liver tumor 4 mo later
Woo et al[9], 2010	46	M	Korea	The greater wing of the right sphenoidBone	Y	Y	Severe headache, deteriorating consciousness	Y	Y	Y	Died of multi-organ failure 5 d later
Kim et al[10], 2010	53	M	Korea	Right middleCranial fossa floor	Y	Y	Sudden mentalDeterioration to semicoma	Y	Y	NA	Vegetative state
Nakao et al[11], 1992	58	M	Japan	Left frontal bone	N	Y	Scalp and bone mass	N	Y	N	Died of liver failure 15 mo later

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; M: Male; MMA: Middle meningeal artery; Y: Yes; N: No; NA: Not available.